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Metabolism
BBM FK Untar
October 2010
INTRODUCTION
Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler (BBM)
(Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
of life.
depends on biochemical reactions and processes. In fact, the old barriers among
the life sciences are breaking down, and biochemistry is increasingly becoming
their common language ( lingua franca )
This contrasts with unorthodox health cults and at least some "alternative
medicine" practices that are often founded on little more than myth and wishful
thinking and generally lack any intellectual basis.
Summary
Protein Metabolism
Protein catabolism
Protein Biosynthesis (not yet)
macromolecule: nucleic acids and proteins. Nucleic acids carry the genetic
information which is passed from parents to progeny, and which provides
the blueprint for a particular living organism. That blueprint is essentially a
set of instructions for making proteins.
This obviously means that proteins are the key molecules in the
processes of life, and it is now known that virtually all the activities which
sustain living organisms are carried out by proteins.
Proteins are constructed on a simple pattern, but that pattern allows for
an almost endless diversity of structure and function.
Proteins are the most abundant biological macromolecules, occurring in
all
cells and all parts of cells.
The following are a few examples of proteins and what they do:
All proteins, whether from the most ancient lines of bacteria or from the most
complex forms of life, are constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids,
covalently linked in characteristic linear sequences.
Nitrogen Fixation
1. Nitrogen fixation bacteria
2. Reaction
N2 2 NH3
N2 + 6 e- + 6 H+ 2 NH3
3. Nitrogenase complex
Ferredoxin
ATP
AMINO ACIDS
2. Transamination Reactions
1. Glutamate
2. Glutamine
8. Cysteine
11. Tyrosine
B. Branched chain
Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine
C. Aromatic
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan
D. Histidine
Protein Catabolism
Proteins are continually synthesized and degraded in all cells, a process
called turnover.
Turnover 1 2% of total body protein,
75 80% are reutilzed for new protein synthesis
20 25% of the nitrogen form s urea
Their half-lives can vary from a few minutes to several weeks. but the half-life of
a given protein in different organs and species is generally similar.
Short HF (T1/2) have PEST sequences (ex: HMG CoA reductase ;t1/2= 0,5-2 h)
Protein Degradation 2 ways:
1. Lysosomes (ATP independent ):
- Extra cellular & membrane-associated protein
- Long-lived IC proteins
2. Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS), ATP dependent
- Short-lived & abnormal protein
D. Threonine
F. Methionine
G. Cysteine
The major route of cysteine catabolism is a three-step pathway leading to pyruvate.
Therefore, cysteine is glucogenic. Cysteine is first oxidized to cysteinesulfinate, which
loses its amino group by transamination to form -sulfinylpyruvat.
Nonenzymatic desulfurylation produces pyruvate
Tryptophan
I. Lysine
The exchange of glucose and alanine between muscle and liver, called the
glucosealanine cycle , provides an indirect means for muscle to eliminate nitrogen
and replenish its energy supply.
Glucosealanine cycle
biosynthesis.
Glu is required for synthesis of biologically active tetrahydrofolate.
Summary
Nitrogen is fixed in only a few species of bacteria and blue-green algae by the
nitrogenase-catalyzed reduction of atmospheric to ammonia. Plants and
microorganisms can reduce nitrate and nitrite to ammonia.
Ammonia is assimilated into metabolites by the reductive amination of to glutamate,
catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. Glutamine, a nitrogen donor in
many biosynthetic reactions, is formed from glutamate and ammonia by the action of
glutamine synthetase.
The amino group of glutamate can be transferred to an acid in a reversible
transamination reaction to form and the corresponding acid.
Pathways for the biosynthesis of the carbon skeletons of amino acids begin with simple
metabolic precursors such as pyruvate and citric acid cycle intermediates.
Nonessential amino acids are those that animals can produce in quantities that are
sufficient for growth. These amino acids are generally formed by short, energetically
inexpensive pathways. Essential amino acids must be supplied
in the diets of animals; these amino acids are synthesized by bacteria and plants.
Thank you
Interlocking regulatory
mechanisms in the biosynthesis
of several amino acids derived
from aspartate in E. coli.
This overall regulatory mechanism
is called sequential feedback inhibition