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Purpose
Construction
How it works
Failures
Ratings
Testing and maintenance
Jump starting
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Purpose
Provide power for starting engine
Provide extra power when demands
exceed generators capabilities
Stabilizes system voltage by providing a
reservoir for excess voltage from charging
system
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Construction
Inside plastic case are 6 cells composed
of positive and negative plates
Plates are supported by plastic ribs in
case
Plates are constructed on a grid made
primarily of lead
Battery grids hold the active material and
provide the path for current created in the
plate
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Construction
Construction
The battery plate creates electrical energy
from chemical energy and this current
must flow from where it is generated to
where it is connected to the outside post
Construction
The positive plates are pasted with lead
dioxide
The negative plates are pasted with
sponge lead
The positive and negative plates are
installed next to each other without
touching
Construction
Cells are constructed with porous
separators between the positive and
negative plates to prevent touching and
short circuits
Each cell produces 2 volts regardless of
the number of plates
The greater number of plates in each cell,
the greater amount of current can be
created
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Construction
Each cell is separated
by a partition made of
plastic
Electrical connections
are made by lead
connectors that loop
over the top of each
partition and connect
the plates together
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Construction
Positive (lead dioxide) and negative (lead)
plates are surrounded by electrolyte
Electrolyte is composed of 36% sulfuric
acid and 64% water (H2SO4)
The difference in potential (voltage)
between lead peroxide and lead in acid is
2.1 volts
This is known as a lead-acid battery
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How it works
During discharging the lead dioxide
combines with the electrolyte and releases
oxygen into the electrolyte to form water
The lead combines with the electrolyte to
become lead sulfate
When the battery becomes fully
discharged, both plates become lead
sulfate and the electrolyte becomes water
Batteries can freeze when they are
discharged
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How it works
During charging the sulfate leaves both
the plates and returns to the electrolyte
The electrolyte returns to sulfuric acid
The positive plates return to lead dioxide
The negative plates return to pure lead
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13
How it works
When the battery is discharging, the acid
leaves the liquid and is deposited on the
plates
When the battery is charging, current
flows into the battery and forces the acid
from the plates and back into the liquid
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Failures
Causes of failure:
Overheating caused by overcharging
Causes the plates to warp
Can damage the battery case
Overcharging can cause the active material to
disintegrate and fall from the plates
Vibration
Cycling
Also causes active material to fall from the
plates
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Ratings
Cold cranking amps (CCA): the number of
amps that can be supplied by the battery
at 0 deg. F for 30 seconds while the
battery maintains a voltage of at least 1.2
volts per cell
Reserve capacity (RC): the number of
minutes for which the battery can produce
25 amps and still maintain 1.75 volts per
cell
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Ratings
The capacity of any battery is determined
by the amount of active material in the
battery
A battery with a large number of thin
plates can produce high current for a short
period
A battery with few thick plates can produce
low current for a long period
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battery
voltage
12.6
12.4
12.2
12.0
state of
charge
100%
75%
50%
25%
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25
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29
31
32
33
35
36
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