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DISEASES
Biology 1
TSEs :TRANSMISSIBLE
SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES
BSE (sometimes referred to as "mad cow disease") and
variant and classic CJD belong to the unusual group of
progressive, degenerative neurological diseases known as
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
These diseases are characterized by a long incubation period
of up to several years, during which there is no visible
indication of the disease. The incubation period for BSE
among cattle ranges from three to eight years; for CJD among
humans, the incubation period is unknown, but is at least five
years and could extend up to 20 years or longer. The diseases
are invariably fatal; there is no known treatment
KURU
TSE
Kuru and CJD should be thought of as two different
spongiform encephalopathies. Kuru studies were
instructive since they showed for the first time that a
slowly progressive neurological disease of humans
can be INFECTIOUS, that is transmitted from one
person to another.
For this discovery Carleton Gajdusek was awarded
the Nobel Prize.
Spongiform encephalopathies, (scrapie, BSE, and
others in animals, and CJD, kuru and GerstmannStraussler-Scheinker disease in humans) is caused
by a distinct variant prion.
Human
Cow
Vacuoles in the brain cells
Sheep
PRIONS,
(PROTEINACEOUS
INFECTIOUS PARTICLES)
have been determined to be
misfolded, protease
resistant proteins which can
mediate transmission of
disease.
Prions have been implicated
in a number of human
diseases, specifically
kuru,
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease,(CJD),
Gerstmann-StrausslerScheinker, (GSS)
Fatal familial insomnia,
(FFI).
DIABETES
Type 1: IDD
In type 1 diabetes, the body makes little or no
insulin. People with type 1 diabetes must take
insulin shots to live.
type 1 diabetes is also called "insulin-dependent
diabetes." Less than 10% of people with
diabetes have type 1. Although it most often
begins when people are young, it may also
occur in older adults.
TYPE 2: NIDD
In type 2 diabetes, the
DIABETES
CHICKEN FLU
The scientific term for Bird Flu is Avian Influenza. It
normally infects only birds and, less commonly, pigs. While
all bird species are thought to be susceptible to the infection,
domestic poultry flocks are especially vulnerable.
The disease in birds has two forms: the first causes mild
illness, sometimes expressed only as ruffled feathers or
reduced egg production. The second form, known as highly
pathogenic avian influenza was first recognized in Italy in
1878. It is extremely contagious in birds and rapidly fatal,
with a mortality approaching 100 per cent. Outbreaks of
avian influenza, especially the highly pathogenic form, can be
devastating for the poultry industry and for farmers.
CHICKEN FLU
The last century has seen three such pandemics
caused by the influenza virus. All of them spread
worldwide within 1 year of being detected.
The most devastating was termed the Spanish
Flu and in 1918-19 killed an estimated 20 to 50
million worldwide
This was followed by the Asian Flu in 1957-58
and the Hong Kong Flu in 1968-69 each killed
more than a million globally.
CHICKEN FLU
CHICKEN FLU
The present situation could give rise to another
influenza PANDEMIC in humans. Avian and human
influenza viruses can exchange genes when a person is
simultaneously infected with viruses from both
species.
This process of gene swapping inside the human body
can give rise to a completely new subtype of the
influenza virus to which few, if any, humans would
have natural immunity. Moreover, existing vaccines,
which are developed each year to match presently
circulating strains and protect
VIRION
An influenza virion has about
500"spikes"sticking out from its lipid
envelope. About 80% of the spikes are a
viral protein called HEMAGGLUTININ (or
simply, HA). This was first identified by its
ability to cause red blood cells, which carry
a molecule called "heme", to agglutinate
(stick together). HA is influenza's receptorbinding protein. It plays the critical role of
attaching the virus to the host cell.
VIRIONS
HIV
There are two types of HIV virus,
i.e. HIV-1 and HIV-2.
HIV-1 is present all over the world
and in India more than 80% people
are affected by it. HIV-2 is mainly
found in Africa and also presents in
India. Some people are infected
with both the viruses.
People only infected with HIV-2 live
longer than those infected with
HIV-1 and chances of transmission
of HIV-2 from mother to child are
very rare.
Once in body, HIV attacks CD4 type
of white blood cells (WBCs) in blood
and gradually kills them.
HIV
HIV infects certain white blood
cells, including T-helper cells and
macrophages, that play key roles in
the immune system.
The virus attaches to CD4 receptor
molecules on the surface of these
cells, which are often called CD4
cells. HIV enters CD4 cells and
inserts its own genes into the cell's
reproductive system.
The cell then produces more HIV,
which spreads to other CD4 cells.
Eventually infected cells die.
AIDS
Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA, which is an infection of
the lungs, is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients
. Yeast infections of the oesophagus cause severe pain when
swallowing and result in weight loss and dehydration.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS is an eye infection that
can cause blindness.
KAPOSI'S sarcoma is a form of cancer that usually arises in
the skin. The tumours may look like bruises, but they grow.
Another illness that defines AIDS in people is
TUBERCULOSIS. For many decades, the number of cases of
tuberculosis in the United States declined. However, in the
mid-1980's, doctors noticed a growing number of cases of
tuberculosis in HIV patients. People with HIV are especially
vulnerable to HIV-infected tuberculosis because of their
damaged immune systems.
HIV
HIV
AIDS: Complications
Kaposis sarcoma
NATURE OF CANCER
Genetic disease: gene mutations
Environment-gene interactions
Environmental factors act synergistically
with susceptibility factors (eg. age, race,
gender and lifestyle)
10-20% : Hereditary
80-20% : Lifestyle
30% Food
NATURE OF CANCER
RACE FACTOR
1. Rarity of prostate cancer in all Asian countries.
2. Filipinos have HIGHEST rate of thyroid cancer
among Southeast Asians.
3. Filipinos have the HIGHEST incidence of breast
cancer in Asia.
4. Jewish women have high rate of breast cancer in the
world due to BRCA-1 mutation.
NATURE OF CANCER
Gain-of-function mutations of
PROTO-ONCOGENES
Loss-of-function mutations of
TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES.
Inactivation mutations of DNA
REPAIR GENES
RARE
HEREDITARY CANCERS
Li-Fraumeni
Breast
Retinoblastoma
Eye
Wilms tumor
Bladder
BRCA1
Breast
XP
Skin
PHYTOESTROGENS
These PREVENT incidence of cancer, particularly
hormone-related cancers.
Isoflavones
Lignans
seeds, fibers
Coumestrans
CANCER MANAGEMENT
EMERGING TRENDS
Complementary and Alternative
Medicine (CAM)
Chemotherapy + Herbals
Chemotherapy + Spiritual Therapy
SARS
CORONAVIRUSES AND SARS (Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome): A new type of coronavirus
has been identified as the cause of the emergent
disease called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
or SARS. The "SARS Virus" was officially declared
the causative agent on 16th April 2003 by the World
Health Organization.