Cellular

Networks
(Core Setup, Frequency Reuse, Cell
Presented To:- Design) Presented By:Gopal Sir
Assitt. Professor
D.C.S.A

Sumit Kumar Nager

4169
M.Tech 3rd Sem

Contents

Cellular network
Cellular System Architecture
Call Setup
Hand Of
Cellular Implementations
Cellular Frequency Reuse
Characterizing Frequency Reuse

What is Cellular Network

A cellular network is a radio network
distributed over land through cells where
each cell includes a fixed location
transceiver known as base station. These
cells together provide radio coverage over
larger geographical areas. User equipment
(UE), such as mobile phones, is therefore
able to communicate even if the
equipment is moving through cells during
transmission.

What is Cellular Network

What is Cellular Network

A Cell
Cellular
Network
1

Cell 2

Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
(PSTN)

Mobile
Telephone
Switching
Center
(MTSC)
HLR

VLR

Mobile User

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Cordless connection

HLR = Home Location Register

Wired connection

VLR = Visitor Location Register

Cellular System Architecture

Each cell is served by a base station (BS)
Each BS is connected to a mobile switching
center (MSC) through fixed links
Each MSC is connected to other MSCs and PSTN

MSC

HLR
VLR

PSTN

MSC

To other
MSCs

HLR
VLR

PSTN

Cellular System Architecture

Each MSC is a local switching exchange that
handles
Switching of mobile user from one base station
to another
Locating the current cell of a mobile user
Home Location Register (HLR): database
recording the current location of each mobile
that belongs to the MSC
Visitor Location Register (VLR): database
recording the cell of visiting mobiles
Interfacing with other MSCs
Interfacing with PSTN (traditional telephone
network)

Cellular System Architecture

One channel in each cell is set aside for
signaling information between BS and mobiles
Mobile-to-BS: location, call setup for outgoing,
response to incoming
BS-to-Mobile: cell identity, call setup for
incoming, location updating

Call Setup
Outgoing call setup:
User keys in the number and presses send
(no dial tone)
Mobile transmits access request on uplink
signaling channel
If network can process the call, BS sends a
channel allocation message
Network proceeds to setup the connection

Network activity:
MSC determines current location of target
mobile using HLR, VLR and by
communicating with other MSCs
Source MSC initiates a call setup message
to MSC covering target area

Call Setup
Incoming call setup:
Target MSC (covering current location of
mobile) initiates a paging msg
BSs forward the paging message on
downlink channel in coverage area
If mobile is on (monitoring the signaling
channel), it responds to BS
BS sends a channel allocation message and
informs MSC

Network activity:
Network completes the two halves of the
connection

Hand-Ofs
Hand-of necessary when mobile moves from
area of one BS into another
BS initiated:
BS monitors the signal level of the mobile
Handof occurs if signal level falls below
threshold
Increases load on BS
Monitor signal level of each mobile
Determine target BS for handof

Hand-Ofs

Mobile assisted:
Each BS periodically transmits beacon
Mobile, on hearing stronger beacon from a
new BS, sends it a greeting
changes routing tables to make new BS
its default gateway
sends new BS identity of the old BS
New BS acknowledges the greeting and
begins to route mobiles call

Intersystem:
Mobile moves across areas controlled by
diferent MSCs
Handled similar to mobile assisted case
with additional HLR/VLR efort
Local call may become long-distance

Cellular Implementations
First-generation:

Analog cellular systems (450-900 MHz)

Frequency shift keying for signaling

FDMA for spectrum sharing
NMT (Europe), AMPS (US)

Second-generation:
MHz)

Digital cellular systems (900, 1800

TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing

Circuit switching
GSM (Europe), IS-136 (US), PDC (Japan)

2.5G:

Packet switching extensions

Digital: GSM to GPRS

Analog: AMPS to CDPD

3G:
High speed, data and Internet services
IMT-2000

Cellular Concept
Advantages:

higher capacity, higher number of users

less transmission power needed
more robust, decentralized
base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally

Problems:
fixed network needed for the base stations
handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary
interference with other cells: co-channel, adjacent-channel

Important Issues:
Cell sizing
Frequency reuse planning
Channel allocation strategies

Bottom line: Attempt to maximize availability

of channels in an area

Frequency Reuse
The concept of frequency reuse is based on
assigning to each cell a group of radio channels
used within a small geographic area
Cells are assigned a group of channels that is
completely diferent from neighbouring cells
The coverage area of cells is called the footprint
and is limited by a boundary so that the same
group of channels can be used in cells that are
far enough apart

Frequency Reuse
Cells with the same
number have the
same set of
frequencies

Frequency Reuse

Frequency Reuse using 7

frequencies allocations
f7

f7
f6

f2
f1
f5

f6
f3
f4

f2
f1
f5
f7
f6

f3
f4
f2
f1
f5

f7
f6
f3
f4

f2
f1
f5
f7
f6

f3
f4
f2
f1
f5

f3
f4

Each cell is generally 4 to 8 miles in diameter with a lower li

around 2 miles.

Cellular Frequency Reuse

Problem with Smaller Cluster size

Interfering cells are closer by when clustersize is smaller.

Characterizing Frequency
Reuse

Frequency Reuse Example

Thank
You