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FORCES
(5 Hours)
Learning Outcome:
4.1 Basic of forces and free body diagram (2
hours)
Weight
Tension
Normal Force
Friction
Weight (Force),
W
Weight is defined as the force with which a
body is attracted towards the center of the
earth.
It is dependant on where it is measured,
measured because
the
value of g varies at different localities on the
It always directed toward the centre of the earth or in
earths surface.
surface
the same direction of acceleration due to gravity, g.
It is a vector quantity.
quantity
The S.I. unit is kg m s-2 or
Newton (N).
(N)
Equation:
W mg
figure 4.1.1
W
Tension, T
m1
m1
Figure 4.1.2
6
T
T
T
Fig 4.1.3
m1
m1 T 1
T1 m T2 T2
2
Fig 4.1.4
7
T2
T2
T2
m1
T 1 T1
T1
T1
T2
m3
T3
m2
T3
T3
T3
m4
fig 4.1.5
Normal Force, N
N2
N1
Surface 1
Surface 2
m2
N3
m3
m1
Fig 4.1.6
9
Frictional force,f
is defined as a force that resists the motion of one
surface relative to another with which it is in contact.
contact
is independent of the area of contact between the two
surfaces
is directly proportional to the reaction
force.
force
where
f N
f N
f : frictional force
: coefficient of friction
Coefficient of friction,
is defined as the ratio between frictional force to
normal
force.
is dimensionless
and depends on the nature of the
10
surfaces.
fs
N
F
W
Block at rest
N
F
fs = max
W
Block about to slide
fk
W
Block is sliding
Figure 4.1.7
its move)
move
Rolling, fr (frictional force act on the object when
its rolling)
rolling
f s s N
f k k N
f r r N
Can be ignored
where
thus
fr fk fs
r k s
12
Caution:
The direction of the frictional force exerted by a
surface on an object is always in the opposite
direction of the motion
The frictional and the reaction forces are always
perpendicular
13
F2
f
W
Figure 4.1.8
F2
F1
W
Figure 4.1.9
14
FR = + F2 + f -
16
Example 4.1
Consider a system of four blocks as shown in figure 4.1.10
Draw a free body diagram for each masses and find
the resultant force FR.
T2
T2
T2
m1
T 1 T1
T1
T1
T2
m3
T3
m2
T3
T3
T3
m4
fig 4.1.10
17
Solution:
For m1
N1
y
x
T1
w1
a) Assume that m1 moves to the right.
For x-axis :
Fx =
+T1
For y-axis :
Fy = 0
N 1 = W1
18
Solution:
For m2
y
T1
N2
W2 cos
W2
T2
W2 sin
19
Solution:
For m3
N3
y
T2
T3
W3
a) Assume that m3 moves to the right.
For x-axis :
Fx = +T3 The resultant force FR =
T2
+T3 - T2
For y-axis :
Fy = 0
N3 - W 3= 0
N3 = W 3
20
Solution:
For m4
T3
y
x
W4
Exercise 4.1 :
1. A 10.0 kg block is connected to a 5.0 kg block on a table. They were
connected by inextensible string that passes trough a smooth pulley.
T is the tension in the string, and the friction between the 5.0 kg block
and the table is f.
T
5.0 kg
10.0 kg
table
Figure 4.1.11
Learning Outcome:
d
dv
dm
F mv v
m
dt
dt
dt
State and apply Newtons Third Law.
23
Fnett F 0
The first law gives the idea of inertia.
Inertia
is defined as the tendency of an object to resist any
change
in its state of rest or motion.
motion
is a scalar quantity.
24
25
Equilibrium of object /
particle
Equilibrium of object / particle occurs when the net
force exerted on it is zero.
The resultant of forces is zero. (Translational
equilibrium)
F 0
Example
4.2.1 :
Figure 4.2.1 shows a system that is in equilibrium.
Let T1 = 30 N and = 400 . Calculate T2 and W.
26
Solution :
T2
For x-component
T1
Fx = 0
=
Figure 4.2.1
W
For y-component
Fy = 0
27
Example
4.2.2 :
The system below is in equilibrium and the pulley is frict
TA
TC
TA sin
TB
29
30
dp
its can be represented by F
dt
where
F : resultant force
dp : Change in
momentum
dt : time interval
31
written as
dp
F dt
and
p mv
d mv
F dt
dm
dv
F v dt m dt
Case 1:
Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity
but with changing mass.
mass For example : Rocket
dm
dv
F v
m
dt
dt
and
dv
0
dt
dm
F v dt
32
Case 2:
Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity
and constant mass.
mass
Thus
dm
dv
F v
m
dt
dt
F 0
where
dm
0
dt
and
dv
0
dt
dp
F dt 0
p constant
33
Case 3:
Object with constant mass but changing velocity.
velocity
dm
dv
F v
m
dt
dt
dv
F m
dt
and
and
F ma
where
dm
0
dt
dv
a
dt
F : resultant force
m : mass of an object
a : acceleration
mass.
mass
a
35
Example 4.2.3 :
Three wooden blocks connected by a rope of
negligible mass are being dragged by a
4.2.2
m1
T1
m2
T2
m3
Figure 4.2,2
Solution :
a. For the block, m1 = 3 kg
m1
T1
(1)
T1
m2
T2
(2)
T2
m3
(3)
37
Solution :
a. By substituting eq. (3) into eq. (2) thus
(4)
Eq. (1)(4) :
38
Example 4.2.4 :
Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 15 kg are connected
by a light string which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in
Figure 4.2.3. Calculate
a. the acceleration of the object of mass 10 kg.
b. the tension in the each string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Solution :
a. For the object m1= 10 kg,
T1
where
Simulation 4.1
m1
m2
Figure 4.2.3
(1)
W1 m1 g
39
Solution :
a. For the object m2= 15 kg,
T2
(2)
Eq. (1) + (2) :
W2 m2 g
b. Substitute the value of acceleration into equation (1) thus
Therefore
40
Example 4.2.5 :
Two blocks, A of mass 10 kg and B of mass 30 kg, are side by side
and in contact with each another. They are pushed along a smooth
floor under the action of a constant force F of magnitude 200 N
applied to A as shown in Figure 4.2.4. Determine
a. the acceleration of the blocks,
B
A
F
b. the force exerted by A on B.
Figure 4.2.4
Solution :
41
Solution :
b. For the object
A,
FBA
FAB
B
42
Exercise 4.2.1 :
1. A block is dragged by forces, F1 and F2 of the magnitude
20 N and 30 N respectively as shown in Figure 4.2.5. The
frictional force f exerted on the block is 5 N. If the weight of
the block is 200 N and it is move horizontally, determine the
acceleration of the block.
F1
50
20
F2
Figure 4.2.5
ANS. : 1.77 m s2
43
Exercise 4.2.2 :
2. One 3.5 kg paint bucket is hanging by a massless
cord from another 3.5 kg paint bucket, also hanging
by a massless cord as shown in Figure 4.2.6. If the
two buckets are pulled upward with an
acceleration of 1.60 m s2 by the upper cord,
calculate the tension in each cord.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Figure 4.2.6
FBA
A (hand)
Where
FAB
FBA
FAB
FAB FBA
Figure 4.2.1
45
Apparent weight
47
ay 0
Therefore
0
N mg 0
y
Figure 4.2.7a
W mg
N mg
48
By applying the
newtons 2nd law of
motion, thus
ma y
N mg ma
N m a g
Figure 4.2.7b
W mg
49
a
Figure 4.2.7c
ma y
mg N ma
N m g a
W mg
f
Figure 4.2.8
y-component :
mg
Fnett ma
x-component :
F f ma
N mg
51
Wx
Figure 4.2.9
Wy
W mg
52
ma
F Wx f ma
F ma mg sin f
N Wy 0
N mg cos
53
Example 4.2.6 :
30
Figure 4.2.10
54
Solution :
m 20 kg; s 0.3
constant speed
fs
F sin 30
30
F cos 30
mg
a thus
0
a. Since the box moves at constant speed
x-component :
0
(1)
55
Solution : y-component :
(2)
friction
56
Example
4.2.7 :
20
Figure 4.2.11
30
F sin 20
mg sin 30
fk
30
a. y-component :
F
a
20 F cos 20
mg cos 30
30
mg
0
58
Solution :
b. The nett force is directed along the inclined plane
surface.
x-component :Fnett
Fx
c.
d.
Given
59
Exercise 4.2.3 :
Figure 4.2.12
Exercise 4.2.4 :
2. Two object are connected by a
light string that passes over a
frictionless pulley as in Figure
4.2.13.
The coefficient of kinetic friction
of the plane is 0.3 and m1 =
2.00 kg, m2 = 6.00 kg and =
55.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of
both objects.
b. Determine
Figure 4.2.13
i. the accelerations of the
objects,
ANS. : 2.31 m s2; 24.2 N;
1
ii. the tension in the string
61
Exercise 4.2.5 :
3. A 5.00 g bullet is fired horizontally into a 1.20 kg
wooden block resting on a horizontal surface. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between block and
surface is 0.20. The bullet remains embedded in
the block, which is observed to slide 0.230 m
along the surface before stopping. Calculate the
initial speed of the bullet.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Tips : Use
Newtons second law of motion involving
acceleration.
Principle of conservation of linear
momentum.
ANS. : 229 m s1
Equation of motion for linear motion.
62
Exercise 4.2.6 :
4. The block shown in Figure
4.2.14, has mass, m =7.0 kg
and lies on a smooth
frictionless plane tilted at an
angle, = 22.0 to the
horizontal.
a. Determine the acceleration
of
the block as it slides down
the
plane.
Figure 4.2.14
b. If the block starts from rest
12.0 m up the plane from
ANS. : 3.68 m s2; 9.40 m s1
its
63
base, calculate the blocks
THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 5 :
Work, Energy and Power