RFID based Security

systems

Submitted to:
Presented by:
Mr. Mandeep Walia
Arpit Goswami
(Asst. Professor )
roll no-SG6508
Circuit
Diagram

Power
Supply
and RFID
reader

2
 Introduction

 RFID stands for Radio Frequency
identification.


 Radio Frequency means radio waves

are used as
 carrier for transmission of data
over wireless medium.

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 The system is based on Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technology and consists of a
passive RFID tag.

The passive micro transponder tag collects power

from the 125 KHz magnetic field generated by the base
station, gathers information about the Tag ID and
sends this information to the base station.


The base station receives, decodes and checks the
information available in its database.

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Base Station is built by using the Popular 8051 family
Microcontroller.

It gets the tag ID and if the tag ID is stored in its

memory then the microcontroller will allow the person
inside.

RFID Reader Module, are also called as interrogators.

They convert radio waves returned from the RFID tag
into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which
can make use of it.

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RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same
frequency in order to communicate.

RFID systems use many different frequencies

but the most commonly used Reader frequency
is 125khz.

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 RFID’s other uses
 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a
system
 that facilitates the tracking of objects,
 primarily for inventory tracking, via a
three part
 technology comprised of a reader, a
 transceiver with decoder and a
transponder
 (RF tag).

 The reader emits a radio signal that

activates
 the tag and reads and writes data to it.
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  As products are shipped, received or
stored, the information (encoded on
a bar code like tag) can be read and
received by the reader, which is
attached to a computer.


RFID has been integrated into the EPC

global
 network and uses the EPC (Electronic
 Product Code).
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  The EPC is a unique number that identifies a
specific
 item in the supply chain. The EPC is stored on a
RFID
 tag , which combines a silicon chip and a reader.



 Once the EPC is retrieved from the tag, it can be

 associated with dynamic data such as the origin
of an
 item or the date of its production.

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RFID system with EPC network

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 History
 The development of RFID was spurred
by the need to enhance tracking and
access applications in the 1980’s in
manufacturing and other hostile
environments. This non contact
means of gathering and tracking
information proved to be resilient.
RFID is now an established part of
specific business processes in a
variety of markets.
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  Passive tags can be low frequency (LF) or
high frequency (HF).


 LF tags operate at 125 KHz, are relatively

expensive, and have a low read range
(less than 0.5 meters).


 RFID readers or receivers are composed

of a radio frequency module, a control
unit and an antenna to interrogate
electronic tags via radio frequency (RF)
communication.
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  Many also include an interface that
communicates with an application
(such as the library’s circulation
system).


 Readers can be hand-held or mounted in

strategic locations so as to ensure they
are able to read the tags as the tags
pass through an “interrogation zone.”


 The interrogation zone is the area within

which a reader can read the tag.
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  Thesize of the interrogation zone
varies depending on the type of tag
and the power of the reader.


 Passivetags, with shorter read ranges,

tend to operate within a smaller
interrogation zone

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 RFID Reader

 It consists of a RFID reader IC which is

used to read tag.

A coil is used to generate magnetic
field which powers up RFID tag.

 It uses one of its pin to transmit data
serially to microcontroller.

 15
 The microcontroller then cross
examines it with ID’s present in its
database .

 If it is a valid ID then microcontroller
allows access to a person.

 If it is not a valid ID then
microcontroller sounds alarm .
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RFID Reader Circuit

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Power Supply

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 Power Supply
 Power Supply is derived from 230V ac supply.

 It is stepped down to 12V using step down
transformer.

 By the use of 4 IN4007 diodes the ac voltage
is rectified to DC voltage.

 Using a 7805 regulator IC 5V is regenerated
which is used as a power source for 8051µc
and rfid reader.

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20
Block diagram of RFID
system

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Circuit of RFID base station

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12 byte RFID tag ID

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RFID tag(internal view)

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RFID tag’s power supply
(passive tag)

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Circular RFID tag

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 RFID Antenna

 The antenna in an
RFID tag is a
conductive
element that
permits the tag to
exchange data with
the reader.
 Passive RFID tags
make use of a
coiled antenna that
can create a
magnetic field
using the energy
provided by the
reader's carrier
signal.
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 Passive RFID Tag (or Passive
Tag)
A passive tag is an RFID tag that
does not contain a battery; the
power is supplied by the reader.
When radio waves from the reader
are encountered by a passive rfid
tag, the coiled antenna within the
tag forms a magnetic field. The tag
draws power from it, energizing the
circuits in the tag. The tag then
sends the information encoded in the
tag's memory.
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 Advantages of a passive
tag
o The tag functions without a battery;
these tags have a useful life of
twenty years or more.
 The tag is typically much less
expensive to manufacture
 The tag is much smaller (some tags
are the size of a grain of rice). These
tags have almost unlimited
applications in consumer goods and
other areas.
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 Disadvantages of a
passive RFID tag
The tag can be read only at very short
distances, typically a few feet at
most. This greatly limits the device
for certain applications.
It may not be possible to include
sensors that can use electricity for
power.
The tag remains readable for a very
long time, even after the product to
which the tag is attached has been
sold and is no longer being tracked.
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 RFID Reader IC


IM283 is a fully-integrated 125 kHz RFID
reader circuit. It is specially designed
for being a space and cost efficient
kernel IC of an RFID reading and
writing base station.

IM283 is accessible by a standard micro
- controller as an intelligent front -
end peripheral device.
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 Features of IM283


 Low-voltage circuit.
 Read and Write
capabilities
 Supports most 125kHz
tags on the market.
 Supported frequency
range: 100 to 150
kHz
 Operating temperature
range: -40 to
+125°C
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 RFID reader collision

Reader collision occurs in RFID

systems when the coverage area of
one RFID reader overlaps with that of
another reader.
 This causes two different problems:
 Signal interference
 The RF fields of two or more readers
may overlap and interfere. This can be
solved by having the readers
programmed to read at fractionally
different times.
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 contd.
 Multiple reads of the same tag
The problem here is that the same
tag is read one time by each of the
overlapping readers. The only
solution is to program the RFID
system to make sure that a given tag
(with its unique ID number) is read
only once in a session.


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 Tag collision

 Tag collision in RFID systems happens

when multiple tags are energized by the
RFID tag reader simultaneously, and
reflect their respective signals back to the
reader at the same time.

 This problem is often seen whenever a large
volume of tags must be read together in
the same RF field. The reader is unable to
differentiate these signals; tag collision
confuses the reader.

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 Solution to tag collision

 Different systems have been invented to

isolate individual tags; the system used
may vary by vendor.
 For example, when the reader recognizes
that tag collision has taken place, it sends
a special signal (a "gap pulse").
— Upon receiving this signal, each tag
consults a random number counter to
determine the interval to wait before
sending its data. Since each tag gets a
unique number interval, the tags send
their data at different times.

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 Disadvantages of RFID

 Dead areas and orientation problems -

RFID works similar to the way a cell
phone or wireless network does. Just
like these technologies, there may be
certain areas that have weaker signals
or interference. In addition, poor read
rates are sometimes a problem when
the tag is rotated into an orientation
that does not align well with the reader.
These issues can usually be minimized
by properly implementing multiple
readers and using tags with multiple
axis antennas.
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 Security concerns - Because RFID is not a
line of sight technology like bar coding,
new security problems could develop.
For example, a competitor could set up
a high gain directional antenna to scan
tags in trucks going to a warehouse.
From the data received, this competitor
could determine flow rates of various
products. Additionally, when RFID is
used for high security operations such
as payment methods, fraud is always
a possibility.

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 Ghost tags - In rare cases, if multiple tags
are read at the same time the reader will
sometimes read a tag that does not exist.
Therefore, some type of read verification,
such as a CRC, should be implemented in
either the tag, the reader or the data read
from the tag.
 Proximity issues - Tags cannot be read well
when placed on metal or liquid objects or
when these objects are between the
reader and the tag. Nearly any object that
is between the reader and the tag reduces
the distance the tag can be read from.

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  High cost - Because this technology is new,
the components and tags are expensive
compared to barcodes. In addition,
software and support personnel that are
needed to install and operate the RFID
reading systems (in a warehouse for
example) may be more costly to employ.
 Vulnerable to damage - Water, static
discharge or high power magnetic surges
(such as from a close lightning strike) may
damage the tags.


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