01 Internetworking Basics

Internetworking Basics
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda
Networking History
How a LAN Is Built
LAN Topologies
LAN/WAN Devices
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-2
Networking History
www.cisco.com
Early Networks
Samuel Morse
Alexander Graham Bell
Emile Baudot
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1-4
Telephone Network
Bell Telephone
Analog Network
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1-5
Important Developments
1966Carterphone
attached to phone lines to transmit
1966
radio calls to construction workers
1975FCC
ruled that equipment can attach
1975
to phone lines if it meets specifications
1977FCC
Part 68 enacted to define
1977
technical specifications
1984Court
ordered Bell System/AT&T
1984
breakup
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1-6
Telephone Network
MCI
Bell Atlantic
AT&T
Pacific Bell
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1-7
1960s1970s Communications
Digital Network
Low-Speed Access Lines
IBM Host Computer Systems

Network Architecture (SNA)
Application Programs
Database
Printing
www.cisco.com
1-8
D
ig
ita
l
A
na
lo
g
Problem
www.cisco.com
1-9
Analog and Digital Signals

Digital Transmission
1s and 0s
On or Off
Computer-speak
1 bit
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Analog Transmission
Wires or wireless,
Audio tones
Info conveyed through
signal amplitude,
frequency, and phase
0 bit
Start
Bit
Stop
Bit
www.cisco.com
1-10
SolutionModems
ModemModulator/Demodulator
Modem
Translates digital computer signals to
analog signals which the telephone
world can understand and vice versa
www.cisco.com
1-11
SolutionModems
ModemModulator/Demodulator
Modem
Translates digital computer signals to analog
signals which the telephone world can
understand and vice versa
POTS
Modem
Modem
Mainframe
Host
POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)

www.cisco.com
1-12
Another SolutionMultiplexing
MultiplexerAllows
multiple
Multiplexer
signals to be carried across
a single physical medium
BroadbandAble
to carry
Broadband
multiple signals simultaneously
Mainframe
Host
BasebandCarries
only one signal at a time
Baseband
www.cisco.com
1-13
Baseband versus Broadband

Baseband
Local-Area Network
(LAN)
Broadband
Wide-Area Network
(WAN)
www.cisco.com
1-14
Sunnyvale Branch
Digital
Digital
POTS
Headquarters,
San Francisco
www.cisco.com
Mainframe
Host
1-15
Sunnyvale Branch
Dedicated Leased
Lines
Digital
Digital
Digital
POTS
Dialup Modem
Connection
Morgan
Hill Branch
www.cisco.com
Headquarters,
San Francisco
Mainframe
Host
1-16
Birth of the Personal Computer

Applications
File storage
Processing
power
Printing options
Smart terminals
www.cisco.com
1-17
The Internet1970s and 1980s
ARPANETAdvanced Research Projects

Agency Network, Dept. of Defense
Developed in mid 1960s
Funded research to universities and companies
First packet-switched network built by BBNDec 1969
Many LANs connected to the ARPANET with TCP/IP
Shut down in 1990 due to newer networks emerging
NSFNETNational Science Foundation, late 1970s

High-speed successor to ARPANET
Six supercomputers: San Diego, Boulder, Champaign,
Pittsburgh, Ithaca, and Princeton
Supercomputers given a microcomputer which spoke TCP/IP
Overloaded from the word go
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1-18
The Internet
ANSNET (Advanced Networks and Services)
Took over NFSNET in 1990
Formed by MCI, MERIT, and IBM for commercial uses
Upgraded 1.5-Mbps links to 45 Mbps, sold to AOL in 1995
NFS awarded contracts to four NAPs

Pacific Bell (San Francisco), Ameritech (Chicago), MFS (Washington, D.C.), Sprint
(New York City)
Additional government backbones
Mid 1980s, collection of networks

viewed as The Internet
TCP/IP is the glue that holds it together
January 1992, Internet Society formed
Primary applications
E-mail, news, remote login, file transfer, WWW
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1-19
1990sGlobal Internetworking
19921 major backbone, 3,000 networks, 200K computers

1995Multiple backbones, hundreds of regional nets, tens of thousands
of LANs, millions of hosts, tens of millions of users
Doubling every year!

www.cisco.com
1-20
How a LAN Is Built
www.cisco.com
Local-Area NetworkLAN
What is a LAN?
A collection of computers, printers, modems, and other
devices that can communicate with each other in a
small area (< ~ 3000 m or 1000 feet)
What are the components?

Computers, operating system (OS),
network interface card (NIC), and hubs
How is a LAN controlled?

ProtocolsFormal descriptions of sets of rules and
conventions that govern how devices on a network
exchange information
StandardsSets of rules or procedures that are either
widely used or officially specified
www.cisco.com
1-22
Local-Area Networks
LANs are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area
Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media
Control the network privately under local
administration
Provide full-time connectivity to local services
Connect physically adjacent devices
www.cisco.com
1-23
Network Operating System (OS)
Software that allows

communicating and
sharing of data and
network resources
Examples:
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
AppleTalk
NetWare
Banyan VINES
www.cisco.com
1-24
Network Interface Card

Amplifies electronic signals
Packages data for
transmission
Physically connects
computer to
transmission
media (cable)
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
Connector Port
Network Interface
Card (NIC)
www.cisco.com
1-25
Wiring Hub
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
Printer
(Also has a NIC)
Wiring
Hub
NIC
Serves as center of network

Contains multiple independent but
connected modules where network
equipment can be connected
www.cisco.com
1-26
Cables or Transmission Media

Printer
(Also has a NIC)
Connectors
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
Wiring Hub
NIC
Cable
Physical environments through
which transmission signals pass
RJ-45
Connector
Fiber-optic cable
Coaxial cable Atmosphere
Twisted pair
Connectors (RJ-11, RJ-45, etc.)

www.cisco.com
1-27
Network Cabling
Media connecting network components
NIC cards take turns transmitting on the cable
LAN cables only carry one signal at a time
WAN cables can carry multiple signals
simultaneously
Three primary types of cabling

Twisted-pair (or copper)
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
www.cisco.com
1-28
Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)

STP only:
Shielded Insulation
to Reduce EMI
Twisted-Pair
Outer Jacket
Speed and throughput:
10/100 Mbps
Relative cost:
Least costly
Color-Coded
Plastic Insulation
RJ-45
Connector
Media and connector size: Small

Maximum cable length:
100 m
www.cisco.com
1-29
Coaxial Cable
OuterJacket
Braided Copper Shielding

Plastic Insulation
Copper Conductor
BNC Connector
10/100 Mbps
Relative cost:
More than UTP, but still low
Media and connector size:
Medium
200/500 m
www.cisco.com
1-30
Fiber-Optic Cable
Kevlar Reinforcing
Material
Outer Jacket
Plastic
Shield
Glass Fiber
and Cladding
Single mode: One stream of laser-generated light (100 km)

Multimode:
Multiple streams of LED-generated light (2 km)
100+ Mbps
Average cost per node:
Most expensive
Multimode
Connector
Media and connector size: Small

Up to 2 km
www.cisco.com
1-31
Throughput Needs !!
841,000 bits
100,000 bits
64,000 bps
202,000,000 bits
7,300,000 bits/screen
30 pictures/second
224,000,000 bps!!!
2,457,000 bits/screen
30 screens/second
73,728,000 bps
www.cisco.com
1-32
Throughput Rate and Bandwidth
Throughput rate
The rate of information arriving at, and possibly
passing through, a particular point in a network
Bandwidth
The total capacity of a given network medium or
protocol
THROUGHPUT = BANDWIDTH - OVERHEAD
www.cisco.com
1-33
Throughput Rate
Speed
Networking
Made Easy
10,000 pages
= 53 MB
(Megabytes)
Transmit Time
9,600 bps
12.27 hrs
24,000 bps
4.91 hrs
56 Kbps
2.1 hrs
1 Mbps
7.1 min
10 Mbps
42.4 sec
100 Mbps
4.24 sec
1 Gbps
0.42 sec
1 Byte = 8 bits
www.cisco.com
1-34
LAN Topologies
www.cisco.com
LAN Topologies
Define network device organization

Four common types
Bus topology
Tree topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Topologies are logical architectures

Actual devices need not be physically
organized in these configurations
www.cisco.com
1-36
Bus and Tree Topology
Tree topology
branch with
multiple nodes
www.cisco.com
1-37
Star Topology (LAN)

Center: hub,
repeater, or
concentrator
Typically used
in both Ethernet
and Token Ring
5 to 100+ devices
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1-38
Ring Topology (LAN)

Redundant ring to
avoid network failure
Repeaters at each
component
Unidirectional
transmission links
Closed loop
Typically used
in FDDI networks
www.cisco.com
1-39
LAN/WAN Devices
www.cisco.com
LAN/WAN Devices
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
www.cisco.com
1-41
Hub
Device that serves as the center of

a star topology network,
sometimes referred to as a
multiport repeater, or in Ethernet, a
concentrator; no forwarding
intelligence
www.cisco.com
1-42
Hubs
123
126
124
127
Hub
125
Data
Data
128
Amplifies signals
Propagates signals through the network
Does not filter data packets based on destination
No path determination or switching
Used as network concentration point
www.cisco.com
1-43
Bridge
Device that connects and passes
packets between two network
segments.
More intelligent than hubanalyzes
incoming packets and forwards (or
filters) them based on addressing
information.
www.cisco.com
1-44
Bridge Example
123
126
Bridge
124
127
Hub
Hub
125
Segment 1
128
Corporate Intranet
Segment 2
More intelligent than a hubcan analyze incoming packets and

forward (or filter) them based on addressing information
Collects and passes packets between two network segments
Maintains address tables
Different types of bridges: transparent and source route (used
primarily in Token Ring LANs)
www.cisco.com
1-45
Switches
Use bridging technology to
forward traffic between ports.
Provide full dedicated data transmission
rate between two stations that are
directly connected to the switch ports.
Build and maintain address
tables called content-addressable
memory (CAM).
www.cisco.com
1-46
SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation
10-Mbps
UTP Cable
Dedicated
31
Switch
32
34
35
100 Mbps
33
100 Mbps
36
Corporate Intranet
Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e.

maintains address tables, and can filter)
Provides full dedicated transmission rate between
stations that are connected to switch ports
Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking
All types availableEthernet, Token Ring, ATM
www.cisco.com
1-47
Routers
Interconnect
Interconnect LANs
LANs and
and WANs
WANs
Provide
Provide path
path determination
determination
using
using metrics
metrics
Forward
Forward packets
packets from
from one
one
network
network to
to another
another
Control
Control broadcasts
broadcasts to
to the
the
network
network
www.cisco.com
1-48
Summary
LANs are designed to operate within

a limited geographic area
Key LAN components are computers, NOS, NICs,
hubs, and cables
Common LAN topologies include
bus, tree, star, and ring
Common LAN/WAN devices are hubs, bridges,
switches, and routers
www.cisco.com
1-49
Presentation_ID
www.cisco.com
50

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Internetworking Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

IBM Host Computer Systems

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Analog and Digital Signals

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Baseband versus Broadband

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Birth of the Personal Computer

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

The Internet1970s and 1980s

ARPANETAdvanced Research Projects

NSFNETNational Science Foundation, late 1970s

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

NFS awarded contracts to four NAPs

Mid 1980s, collection of networks

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

19921 major backbone, 3,000 networks, 200K computers

Doubling every year!

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

How a LAN Is Built

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

What are the components?

How is a LAN controlled?

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network Operating System (OS)

Software that allows

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network Interface Card

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

(Also has a NIC)

Serves as center of network

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.