Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Reading
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Reading Processes
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Language Processing
Bottom-Up
Top-Down
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Bottom-Up Approach
Message
Language Data
Vocabulary
Grammar
sounds
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Top-Down Approach
Message
Content schema
Textual schema
Language Data
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Interactive Approach
Proposed by Rumelhart (1997).
Accepted as the most comprehensive
description of the reading process.
A constant interaction between bottom-up
and top-down processing in reading
Good readers are both good decoders and
good interpreters of texts.
Include intensive and extensive reading.
(Anderson 2003; Eskey and Grabe 1988)
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Intensive
Extensive
Short passages
Longer texts
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Skills
Skimming
scanning
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SQ3R Technique
Survey: skim the text for an overview of
main ideas
Question: the reader asks questions about
what he or she wishes to get out of the text
Read: read the text while looking for answers
to the previously formulated questions.
Recite: reprocess the salient points of the
text through oral or written language
Review: assess the importance of what one
has just read and incorporate it into longterm associations.
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Writing
Involve making very explicit the
grammatical role of words.
Intensive bottom-up
Expression of ideas in a coherent form
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Elements of Writing
Subject matter
Purpose
Interaction and a sense of audience
Language
Conventions
Thinking skills
Organisational skills
Value systems
Mechanics
The writing process
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Writing Stages
Generating ideas
Planning
Drafting
Structuring
reviewing
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Pictures in series
Maps and charts
Tables or data
Questions in sequence to elicit details
Advertisement
Newspapers articles
Stories, poems and other reading
materials.
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References
Abraham, D. 1987. Planning and Teaching: Practical Suggestions for English in the
Classroom. KL: Fajar Bakti.
Anderson, N. 2003. Reading. In Nunan, D. (ed.). Practical English Language
Teaching. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
Brown, H.D. 2001. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language
Pedagogy (2nd Edition). USA: Longman.
Celce-Murcia, M. 2001. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language (3rd
Edition). USA: Heinle & Heinle.
Elspeth Broady. 2005. The four language skills or juggling simultaneous
constraints. In James A. Coleman and John Klapper (eds.). Learning and
Teaching in Modern Languages. London: Routledge.
Eskey, D.E. and W. Grabe. 1988. Interactive Models to Second Language Reading:
Perspective on Instruction. In Carrel, P.L. and D.E. Eskey (eds.). Interactive
Approaches to Second Language Reading. Cambridge: CUP
Nunan, D. 2003. Practical English Language Teaching. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
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