ENEM 14011: ENERGY

CONVERSION
Reciprocating Internal
Combustion Engines : Part 1
(Chapter 13)
Week 2
Course Coordinator and Lecturer
Associate Professor Mohammad Rasul
Building : 30 Room: 1.14
Phone: 49309676
Email: m.rasul@cqu.edu.au

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
What is Internal Combustion Engine?
--- The internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the burning of a
fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This
exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer (air) creates gases of high
temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.
--- The defining feature of an internal combustion engine is that useful work
is performed by the expanding hot gases acting directly to cause movement,
for example by acting on pistons, rotors, or even by pressing on and moving
the entire engine itself.

Applications
--- Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion in
automobiles, equipment, and other portable machinery.
--- These engines have appeared in transport in almost all automobiles,
trucks, motorcycles, boats, and in a wide variety of aircraft and locomotives.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
--- Where very high power is required, such as jet aircraft,
helicopters and large ships, they appear mostly in the form of
turbines.
--- In mobile equipment, internal combustion is advantageous, since it can
provide high power-to-weight ratios together with excellent fuel energydensity.
Engine Technology
Theoretical cycle
--- No chemical change in the working fluid
--- Consists of compression and expansion process.
--- Heat exchange is made externally to the working fluid.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
Practical/actual
cycle
-------Heat supply from
the combustion of fuel.
------Consists exhaust and
induction processes with
compression and
expansion.
Fig. Reciprocating
IC engine

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Four stroke cycle: 1. intake 2. compression 3.power and 4.exhaust

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Types of IC engines

Classified by the:
(i) Fuel used and the way in which combustion is initiated.
-- Spark Ignition (SI) engine: air and fuel are mixed before
compression and spark is introduced to initiate combustion.
Example, petrol engine.
-- Compression ignition (CI) engine: only air is compressed and the
fuel is injected into the compressed air to initiate combustion.
Example, diesel engine.
(ii) Way in which cycle of processes is arranged.
Number of complete strokes of piston required for one completed
cycle.
-- Four stroke cycle engine, i.e. two rev of crankshaft, requires
camshaft, 2 to 1 speed reduction, push rod.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
-- Two stroke cycle engine i.e. one rev of crankshaft, no need
camshaft.

Four stroke cycle: SI petrol engine

Fig: P-V diagram of 4 stroke SI engine.

Reciprocating Internal
Combustion Engines (SI Engine)

1-2 Induction stroke

-- Piston moves from TDC to BDC
-- Air plus fuel charge is induced
-- Air passes through the carburettor in which the metered amount of
petrol is added to the air.
-- Inlet valve closes at 2.
2-3 Compression stroke
-- Both valves (Inlet and exhaust ) are closed.
-- The charge is compressed to high pressure and temperature.
-- Spark ignition occurs at S and combustion occurs at constant
volume.
3-4 working stroke
-- High pressure gas expand
-- Exhaust starts at E
-- 60% gas exhausted between E and 4
--Pressure at E is about 3.5 bar or more.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
4-1 Exhaust stroke
-- Piston returns to TDC and clears the swept volume of exhaust
gas inlet valve opens.
IO: inlet valve opens. The actual
position
is between 100 before TDC and 150 after
TDC.
IC: Inlet valve closes. This occurs 20-400
after BDC .
S: Spark occurs. This is 20 -400 after
TDC
when the ignition is fully advanced and
is
at TDC when the ignition is fully
retarded.
Fig: Timing diagram of 4 stroke EO: Exhaust valve opens. The average
SI engine.
value of this position is about 500 before
BDC, but it is greater than this in
racing

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
The ideal cycle for the engine is the
dual combustion cycle in which the
heat input is partly at approximately
constant volume, and partly at
approximately constant pressure.
With modern high-speed engines the
fuel injection is well advanced and the
greater proportion of fuel is burnt at
approximately constant volume.
The fuel injection with the help of an
air blast , p-V diagram is shown in
Figure (LHS). In this cycle, air which
enters the cylinder with the fuel on
P-V diagram of 4 stroke CI engineinjection helps to maintain a constant
pressure over the early part of the
return stroke and this increases the
area of the diagram. This method is
now obsolete due to the difficulties and
cost of supplying the high pressure air

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

IO: Up to 300 before TDC

IC: Up to 500 after BDC
EO: About 450 after BDC
EC: About 300 after TDC
Injection: About 150 before TDC

Fig. Timing diagram for a 4 stroke

CI engine

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Two stroke cycle

--Two stroke petrol engine with crankcase compression is shown in Figure below.
-- Compression occurs in crankcase with descending piston and compressed
charge is transported into cylinder through transport T.

-- As the piston ascends on the

compression stroke, next charge
is drawn into the crankcase, C,
through the automatic valve S.
-- Ignition occurs at TDC where
working stroke begins.
-- As the piston descends through
working stroke, the exhaust
begins through port E.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Scavenging
-- In two stroke cycle, the piston can be shaped to deflect the fresh gas
across the cylinder to assist the scavenging of the cylinder ; this is called
cross-flow scavenge.
-- As the piston rises, the transport port, T is closed slightly before the
exhaust port E and the compression of the charge in the cylinder begins
after E is closed.

Figure: Pressure volume

diagram for two stroke S
engine with crankcase
compression.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Figure: Timing diagram for two

stroke SI engine with crankcase
compression.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Uni-flow scavenge
--- In engines, which have simple inlet ports and poppet or sleeve
valve controlled exhaust ports, the inlet and exhaust ports are
placed at opposite ends of the cylinder and the fresh charge
sweeps along the cylinder towards the exhaust port. This is called
uni-flow scavenge.
--- It is applied with great mechanical simplicity in opposed to
piston engines.

For several reasons , the two stroke cycle has more application in
the CI field than in the SI field, especially for stationary constant
speed engines.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Performance criteria
--- Power/speed characteristics
--- Capital and operating (running) costs.
Compare different engines of the same type, the following performance
criteria must be defined.
Net work = work of power loop work of pumping loop
Work done per cycle = pi x A x L

Indicated power, ip = Pi A x L x (cycles per unit time)

Indicated power

For 4-stroke engine:

For 2-stroke engine:

ip

p i ALNn
2

ip pi ALNn

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Indicated mean effective pressure

For 2 - stroke: p i

pi

For 4-stroke:

ip
ALNn
2 ip
ALNn

Brake power
Brake power: bp 2NT

where, Torque, T WR
and W is net load; R is the radius from the axis
of the rotation.

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Friction Power
Friction power:

fp ip bp

Mechanical efficiency
Mechanical efficiency,m

bp

ip

Brake mean effective pressure

2 bp
p
Brake mean effective pressure: b
ALNn
Again, p b m pi

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
Morse Test

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines
Willians line

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Brake thermal efficiency

Brakepower
bp
BT

Brake thermal efficiency:

&f Q net,v
Energysup plied m

Specific fuel consumption

&f
m
sfc
Specific fuel consumption (sfc):
bp

Volumetric efficiency
Volumetric efficiency:v

Induced volume V

Swept volume
Vs

Reciprocating Internal Combustion

Engines

Exercise 1: work out example 13.1 and 13.2

Exercise 2: Problem 13.1 and 13.3

Example 13.1

Example 13.1 (contd.)

Example 13.2

Thank You!

Any
Questions?