NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT

OF
BV-300

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 NUTRITION

The process of digesting, absorbing and

converting food into tissue and energy. Also
the study of this process.

NUTRIENT

A substance that can be used as food. Some

people use “food” for nutrients eaten by
people and “feed” for animals.
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 A. ENERGY :
 Energy may be defined as the
capacity to do work.
 There are various forms of energy
such as chemical, thermal, electrical
and radiant.
 All forms of energy are inter-
convertible by suitable means.

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 MEASURES OF FEED ENERGY

GROSS ENGERY
(IN FEED CONSUMED)

ENERGY IN FAECES DIGESTIBLE

ENERGY(DE)
ENERGY EXCRETED THROUGH URINE METABOLIZABLE
ENERGY(ME)
HEAT INCREMENT LOSSES NET ENERGY(NE)

MAINTENANCE PRODUCTION
(a) FASTING METABOLISM (a) GROWTH
(b) VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY (b) FAT
(c) HEAT TO KEEP BODY WARM (c) EGGS
(d) ENERGY TO KEEP BODY COOL (d) FEATHER
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 B. PROTEINS :
 Proteins are complex organic compounds of high molecular
weight.

 They contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.

Proteins are found in all living cells.

 Each species has its own specific protein.

 Proteins are essential for living bodies in a more important

way then either carbohydrates or lipids. They are major
constituents of the soft tissue in the animal body.

 For growth, egg production and repair of tissue wear and tear,
a continuous and adequate supply of protein in the diet of
Chicken is essential.
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 CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS

(i) Globular Proteins : All the enzymes, antigens and hormones that
are proteins, fall in this category. Eg. Albumins, Globulins, Glutelins,
Prolamins, Histones and Protamines.

(ii)Fibrous Proteins : Collagens, elastin and keratins constitute this

group of proteins.

(iii)Conjugated Proteins : This class comprise of those proteins which

upon hydrolysis yield some ‘non-protein group’ as well as amino acids.
This non-protein group is known as 'Prosthetic Group'.

Eg. Phosphoric Acid (Phosphoprotein)

Carbohydrate (Glycoprotein)
Lipid (Lipoprotein)
Pigment (Chromoprotein)
Nucleic acid (Nucleoprotein)
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 C. VITAMINS :
 Vitamins are the organic compounds that are
required in very small amounts.
 They play a very crucial role in the life
processes.
 They are essential in activation of enzyme
system in different metabolic path ways.
 The vitamins are broadly classified as Fat
soluble and Water Soluble.

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Sr.No. Vitamin Function Deficiency symptoms

1. A Maintaining emaciation, ruffled

structure and feathers, staggering
function of gait and poor growth
epithelial rate and drop in egg
tissue production.
2. D Utilization of rickets and
Calcium and osteomalacia in young
Phosphorous and adult birds
respectively
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3. E acts as antioxidant encephalomalicia,
and helps in normal Exudative diathesis,
tissue respiration, Muscular dystrophy
phosphorylation and
metabolism of neuclic
acids and synthesis of
ascorbic acid.

4. K Blood clotting embryonic mortality,

haemorrhages on
breast and leg
muscles
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5. B1 Carbohydrate reduced appetite,
metabolism ruffled feathers
and in and unsteady gait
decarboxylatio "Star Gazing
n of pyruvic Posture"
acid

6. B2 biosynsthesis Curled Toe

of flavin Paralysis
nucleotides
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7. B6 transamination decreased apetite,
and poor growth,
decarboxylation parosis, and jerky
of amino acids movements of legs

8. B12 biosynthesis of poor growth and

nucleic acids reduced egg size
and
carbohydrate
and fat
metabolism. 11
9. Pantothe component of co- Poor growth,
nic acid enzyme A required emaciation, dermatitis,
in carbohydrate, broken feathers and
protein and fat perosis
metabolism

10. Nicotini is an important inflamation of the

c Acid component of mouth cavity and the
NAD and NADP upper part of
involved in esophagus, a condition
carbohydrate, fat known as 'black
and protein tongue"
metabolism 12
11. Folic Transfer of single poor growth, poor
acid carbon unit, feathering, anemia and
synthesis of choline, perosis.
methionine and
thiamine
12. Choline present in the form perosis, haemorrhages
of acetylcholine in and a slight puffiness of
the body and acts as the hock joint and fatty
a source of methyl lever.
group also
associated with lipid
metabolism

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13. Biotin involved in dermatitis, perosis,
carbondioxide fatty liver and
fixation and kidney syndrome
decarboxylatio
n

14. C hatchability and heat stress,

egg production respiratory
disorder, drop in
egg production,
poor shell quality
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 D. Minerals:
 Minerals give rigidity and strength to the animal
skeleton and are their manor constituents.
 They also occur in various organic compounds
like lipids and proteins.
 Minerals also have an important function in
maintaining the irritability of muscles and
nerves.
 They play an important role in maintaining the
osmotic relations as well as the acid base
equilibrium.

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Sr. No.Mineral Function Deficiency symptoms

1. Calcium Structural component, reduced growth,

formation of egg osteoporosis, leg
shell, blood clot, acid weakness, longer
- base equilibrium blood clotting time,
decreased egg
production
2. Phosphorouconstituent of bones, loss of appetite,
s energy metabolism, rickets, decrease in egg
important part of production
RNA and DNA,
energy transfer
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3. Sodium regulation of the fluid slow growth, soft bones,
volume in body, osmotic poor feed efficiency,
relationship, pH of the hypertrophy of adrenal
body fluids, nerve gland
impulse transmission

4. Potassium Potassium performs the muscle weakness,

same functions inside the retarded growth,
cell that sodium
performs in the plasma
and interstitial fluid,
cofactor of many
intracellular enzymes

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5. Chlorine maintaining the poor growth,
ionic strength of dehydration,
the extra-cellular nervous
fluids, maintain symptoms, they
low pH of gastric fall forward and
secretion their legs get
stretched to the
rear

6. MagnesiuConstituent of the slow growth,

m bones, activator lethargic,
of many enzyme convulsions
systems
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7. Mangan synthesis of retarded growth,
ese organic matrix crippling leg
of bones, deformity
cofactor of (Perosis)
enzyme system

8. Zinc cofactor of retarded growth,

enzyme system, leg weakness,
acid-base decreased egg
balance of the production
body fluids
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9. Iron constituent of stunted growth,
haemoglobin, hypochromic,
essential for normal mycrocytic anaemia
functioning of every
tissue of the body.

10. Copper Activator of many Poor growth, leg

enzymes, affects Iron weakness, loss of
metabolism and its pigment, haemorrhage
absorption, role in
formation of
haemoglobin,
maturation of RBC

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11. Seleniu antioxidant, Stunted growth,
m hydrogen carrier poor feather
in the respiratory development,
chain degeneration of
pancreas

12. Iodine has an important lower thyroxine

role in synthesis, high
production of TSH, goiter
hormone
thyroxine
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 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

NUTRIE CHICK GROWER DEV. PRELAY PHASE I (1ST PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV
NTS MASH MASH MASH (16 wk-1st egg-30 wk) (31-45 wk) (46-60 wk) (61-72 wk)
(0-6 wk) (7-10 wk) (11-15wk) EGG)

Crude 20 18 16 17 18 17 16 15
Protein
%
ME 2950 2850 2700 2650 2700 2550 2450 2400
kcal/kg
Calcium 1 0.95 0.92 2.50 3.60 4.00 4.00 4
%
Avai. P 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.44 0.42 0.38
%
Lys % 1.11 0.90 0.80 0.84 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.71
Met % 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.46 0.38 0.34 0.33
Lino % 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2
Na% 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20
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Cl % 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20
VITAMINS CHICK GROWE DEV. MASH PRELAY PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV
(added) R

A I.U./kg 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500

D3 I.U./kg 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500
K3 mg/kg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
E I.U./kg 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
B-12 mg/kg 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
B2 - mg/kg 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Niacin mg/kg 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Pantothenic Acid 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
mg/kg
Folic acid mg/kg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B1 mg/kg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Pyridoxine mg/kg 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Biotin mg/kg 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Vitamin C mg/kg 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Choline mg/kg 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
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MINERALS CHICK GROWER DEV. PRELAY PHASE I PHASE II PHASE II PHASE IV
mg/kg added MASH MASH MASH

Manganese 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Zinc 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Iron 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Copper 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Iodine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Selenium 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

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 SOME RECOMMENDED FORMULAE FOR COMM. LAYER
COST/KG INGREDIENT CHICK GROWER DEVELOP PRE-LAY PHASE-1 PHASE-2 PHASE-3 PHASE-4
(Rs.) ER

11.44 MAIZE 58.81 33.74 26.98 24.37 28.69 17.58 14.32 13.83

21.12 SOY 46.4% 27.63 14.94 8.43 12.53 16.95 12.25 9.82 8.66

9.55 BAJRA 4.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 24.27 30.00 30.00 30.00

2.36 SOD. BENTONITE 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

23.68 DCP 1.92 1.10 1.02 1.25 1.50 1.16 1.29 1.32

8.50 SALT PREMIX 0.95 0.78 0.84 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.92 1.00

35.00 BRAN OIL 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.36 LSP + CHIPS 1.15 1.25 1.34 5.24 6.38 6.61 6.68 7.31

290 DL-MET 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.00

8.58 RICE POLISH 0.00 10.73 13.72 15.00 12.26 12.66 13.54 15.00

6.19 DORB 0.00 2.82 15.00 6.26 0.00 9.39 15.00 16.00

11.46 SUN FLOWER 0.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 2.50 3.00 2.68 2.89

18.33 RICE GLUTEN 40% 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.20 0.44

110 LYSINE 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

160 OPTIPHOS 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

138 LIPIDAY 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
90 LAYER VIT. MIXINE 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
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11.80 MUSTARD 0.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
 COMPOSITION OF FEED STUFF USED IN POULTRY FEED

Ingredient Protein ME Kcal/ Kg Fat% Fibre Cal % Av. Ph % Lysine % Meth % Linoleic
% % Acid %

Maize 9.5 33.4 3.5 3 0.01 0.06 0.24 0.22 1.9

Rice Polish 12 29 15 12 0.04 0.2 0.5 0.25 5.5
Broken Rice 9 30 3 1.5 0.04 0.05 0.25 0.2 0.65
DORB 14 20 0.75 14 0.1 0.2 0.45 0.22 1.6
Bajra 10.5 30 2.5 2 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.25 1.1
Jowar 10 31 3 3 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.25 1.1
Wheat 12 31.5 2.5 3 0.05 0.13 0.5 0.2 0.5
Soya 46 25 1 5 0.25 0.25 3 0.65 0.4
GNE 42 25 1 7 0.2 0.15 1.6 0.45 0.38
Sun Flower 29 13.5 1 23 0.4 0.3 1.12 0.5 1.6
Mustard 38 20 1 12 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.6 0.5
Fish Meal 40 25 2 1 6.5 2 4 1.4 0.3
Rice Gluten 42 30 8.5 2.6 0.04 0.05 1.48 1.22 2
Maize Gluten 52 33 7 3.5 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.6 4
MBM 46 25 11 2.3 8 4 2.5 0.78 4

L.S.P. 38

D.C.P. 24 17 26
MAXIMUM LEVEL OF INCLUSION OF FEED INGREDIENTS IN POULTRY DIETS
Ingredient Level of inclusion (%)(max)
ENERGY SOURCES
Maize 60
Wheat 50
Rice Cutting 40
Bajra 50
Rice Bran 20
Rice Polish 20
Wheat Bran 15
Molasses 5
Animal and vegetable fat 5
PROTEIN SOURCE
Soyabean Meal 40
Groundnut Meal 40
Sunflower Meal 10
Mustard 5
Fish Meal 5
M.B.M. 5
Blood Meal 3
Poultry by Product Meal 5 27

Feather meal 2
 USE OF ENZYMES
• THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF ENZYMES IS COMPARED TO THAT OF
A LOCK AND KEY.
• COMMONLY USED ENZYMES ARE : PHYTASE , XYLANASE ,
CELLULASE , GLUCANASE , MANNASE , GALACTOSIDASE ,
AMYLASE AND PROTEASE.
• EXOGENOUS ENZYMES FUNCTION THROUGH ENHANCING THE
AVAILABILITY AND RETENTION OF NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN FEED.
• FOR A ENZYME ,TO SHOW OPTIMAL RESPONSE , IT IS REQUIRED
THAT THE NUTRIENTS SPARED SUCH AS PHOSPHORUS AND
ENERGY SHOULD BE THE NUTRIENTS , LIMITING CHICKEN
PERFORMANCE.
• SINCE PHYTATE IS IN THE FORM OF CA & MG SALTS AND IS ABLE
TO CHELATE MANY CATIONS ( ZN, MG ) , ITS HYDROLYSIS
IMPROVES MINERAL UTILISATION OVERALL.

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ANTI-NUT FOUND IN PROBLEM CONTENT ENZYME
PHYTATE PLANT BASED BINDS P & HIGH IN VEG PHYTASE
OTHER MOL MEALS &
CEREALS
ARABINOXYLANS CELL WALL RES. TO MODERATE TO XYLANASE
PLANT BASED DIGESTION LOW
BETA GLUCANS BARLEY, OAT HIGH MODERATE TO BETA-
VISCOSITY LOW GLUCANASE

MANNANS SOYBEAN MEAL RES. TO VARIABLE BETA-

DIGESTION MANNANASE
OLIGOSACCHARIDES VEG MEALS RES. VARIABLE ALFA-
DIGESTION GALACTOSIDAS
E
CELLULOSE PLANT INSOLUBLE HIGH CELLULASE
INGREDIENTS
STARCH CEREALS AND STRUCTURAL HIGH AMYLASE
BYPRODUCTS RESISTANT
PROTEIN CORN, VEG PROTEIN ANFS VARIABLE TARGETTED
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MEALS PROTEASES
 SHELL QUALITY
• CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
• VITAMIN-C IS A FACTOR IN ABSORPTION OF VIT-D TO THE ACTIVE
HORMONAL METABOLITE ‘ CALCITRIOL’ WHICH STIMULATES INTESTINAL
ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM.
• SODIUM BI CARBONATE - THE ADDITION OF NAHCO3 HAS SHOWN TO
IMPROVE ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID-BASE BALANCE AND HAVE
POSITIVE EFFECT ON SHELL QUALITY.
• MINERALS – ZINC, MANGANESE AND COPPER ARE INVOLVED IN METABOLIC
PROCESS OF SHELL FORMATION
• CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IS ZINC DEPENDENT ENZYME AND INVOLVED IN
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITION FOR SHELL FORMATION.
• POLYMERASE IS AN ENZYME THAT REQUIRES MANGANESE AS A CO-
FACTOR. IT FORMS SHELL GLYCO-PROTEIN MATRIX.

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 TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN FEED
Trypsin inhibitors
 These are high as well as low molecular weight proteins
found widely in almost all feedstuffs including soyabean and
cereals like paddy and wheat.
 These compounds inhibit the proteolytic activity of trypsin
and chymotrypsin.
Tannins,
 Plant phelons having a molecular weight greater than 500
are termed tannins. They decrease the palatability of feed,
decrease the protein and energy utilization.
 Tannins are present in feedstuffs, like sorghum, salseed,
and mustard etc.

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Haemagglutinins
 These compounds occur in many seeds and
plants. They are protein in nature and have
remarkable property of agglutinating red blood cells.
Examples of haemagglutinins include ricin found in
caster seed.
 Ingestion of such toxicants cause inflammation of
epithelial linning, destruction of epithelial cells as well
as edema, hypermea and hamorrhags in the
lymphatic tissues. The liver undergoes fatty
degeneration and necrosis.
Goitrogens
 Many natural feeds contain compounds which cause
an enlargement of the thyroid and hypothroidism.
e.g. rape seed meal.
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Cyanogens
 These compounds are widely distributed in the plant
kingdom and are found generally in the form of
cyanogenetic glucosides.
 Upon hydrolysis, these compounds give rise to
glucose, benzaldehyde and hydrogen-cyanide. e.g.
linseed meal.
Saponins
 These are glycosides in nature and occur in a wide
variety of plants. These are toxic compounds
causing haemolysis of erythrocytes.
 The economically more important saponins occur in
soyabean, sugerbeat and lucern.
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Gossypol

 The polyphenolic gossypol pigments are indigenous

to the genus Gossypium, to which the common
cotton crop belongs.
 Growing chickens fed cotton seed mean containing
gossypol exhibit loss of weight, reduced feed intake,
leg weakness, anaemia, lower erythorocyte count
and a decrease in the serum protein level.
 In laying chickens the symptoms include, in addition
to the above, smaller size of eggs, yolk discoloration
and decreased hatchability of eggs.

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Mycotoxins
 Fungal contaminiation of poultry feed may occur at
various stages of its production and handling.
 Fungal infestation causes deterioration in poultry feeds
by producing toxic metabolites as well as decreasing
the value of the nutrients presents in the feed.
 The most dreadful fungi affecting feeds like groundnut
meal, maize, sunflower, cake and sesame meal is
aspergillus flavus.
 The toxins produced by this species are know as
aflatoxins. Aflatioxins B1 is acutely toxic.
 It is reported that diets containing as low as 0.03 ppm of
aflatoxin B1 from groundnut cake may develop liver
tumors if fed over a long timer.

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Bacterial Toxins
Feeds which are contaminated by
bacteria like clostridia, salmonellae,
when fed to chicken down the immunity
of chicken and causes severe damage to
the bird.

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CALCULATION OF M.E. FROM PROXIMATE VALUE OF FEED
LAYER
CALCULATED M.E. = (37 X C.P.%) + (76 x E.E.%) + (34.6 x NFE%)
(KCal/ KG)
NFE % = 100 – (Moisture % + C.P.% + C.F.% + E.Ext.% + Total Ash%)

EXAMPLE
A Layer feed having proximate analysis as below :
Layer Feed : C.P. 17.5%
C.Fibre 6.0%
Moisture 10.0%
Total Ash 11.0%
Ether Ext 2.5%
NFE = 100 – (17.5 + 2.5 + 6 + 10 + 11)
= 100 – 47
= 53
Calculate M.E. = (37 X 17.5) + (76 x 2.5) + 34.6 x 53)
= 2671 Kcal/ Kg.
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 PERFORMANCE GOALS
The following performance goals are expected
to be achieved during the 52 weeks of laying cycle

Livability 96%

Egg Yield 320 eggs cumulative hen housed

Feed consumption 41.25 kg/bird during laying

Peak production (above 90%) 25 weeks to 52 weeks of age

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 CONCLUSION
 On the one hand performance of BV300 depends on
genetic potential, resistance to diseases and the best
farm management conditions, on the other, nutrition
has to play its key role in fulfilling birds requirements
for:
 maintenance and growth
 peak production
 maintaining proper immunity against various
diseases induced by bacteria, virus and mycotoxins.
 A balanced nutrition can definitely maintain our bird’s
vitality and performance alongwith other measures
like proper vaccination, better farm management and
best biosecurity measures.

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