Overview of

Transmission

Transmission

EXCHANGE
Medium

What is Multiple Access?

Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a
transmission medium by multiple,
independent users.

Types of Media
Twisted pair - copper
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic cable
Wire less (radio signals)

Transmission
Medium

Advantages of Multiple Access

.Increased capacity: serve more users

.Reduced capital requirements since
fewer media can carry the traffic
.Decreased per-user expense
.Easier to manage and administer

Multiple Access Technologies

FDMA
Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated
pathway through a transmission
medium for one users information

The physical
transmission medium is
a resource that can be
subdivided into
individual channels
according to different
criteria depending on
the technology used:

Power
Tim
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q
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Fr

TDMA
Power
Tim
e

e
qu
e
r
F

y
nc

CDMA
Power
Tim
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ue
q
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Fr

y
nc

FREQ.DIVISION.MULTIPLEXING
1

A-- -B
C----D
E----F
G---H

160 khz

0-4 KC/S
0-4 KC/S+4 KC/S =04-08 KC/S
0-4 KC/S +8 KC/S =08-12 KC/S
0-4 KC/S +12KC/S =12-16 KC/S

ALL SUBS. With a B/W 300-3400

C/S+CF

CARRIER FREQ:4/8/12/16/20-----------------

TIME
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING

Receive
Trans
Gate

CH3

( )

CHn

( )

CH2

CH3

~
//
~

( )

CH1

) (

CH2

) (

( )

) (

CH1

) (

Gate

Medium

Fig.2.1 : Time Division Multiplexing

CHn

1.Filtering
2.Sampling
3.Quantization
4.Encoding
5.Line Coding

PLEISSIO
1st order

2mbps

DIGITAL

HIERARCHY

30 chls capacity.

PCM

2nd order

8 mbps

120 chls capacity

(4*2mbps tribs.)

3rd order

34 mbps

480 chls capacity

(4*8mbps tribs.)

4th order

140 mbps

1920 chls capacity

(4*34mbpstribs.)

5th order

565 mbps

7680 chls capacity

(4*140mbps tribs)

PLEISSIO

DIGITAL

HIERARCHY

2Mbs
2Mbs
8Mbs

8Mbs

34 Mbs

8Mbs

34 Mbs

8Mbs

2Mbs

34Mbs

34 Mbs

Mbs

8Mbs
2Mbs

140
Mbs.
140

34 Mbs

Merits of SDH

Simplified Multiplexing and De-multiplexing

process

Direct access to lower speed tributaries without

need to de-multiplex the entire high speed signal

Enhanced OAM&P :- Due to enhanced Operation ,

Administration , Maintenance and Provisioning
capabilities user can control the whole network
from a central location i.e. remote supervision
and control is very easy.

Easy Growth :- Easy growth to high capacity

systems.

Capable of transporting existing PDH signals.

Capable of transporting future broadband signals like,
interactive multimedia & video conferencing.
Capable of operating in a multivender and multi-operator
environment: - Before SDH optical systems for the long
distance transmission were intensely vendor specific but
SDH were firm standards for vendor inter operability.
Synchronous networking :- SDH supports multy-point,
Hub and Ring
Configuration whereas PDH networking only supports
Point-to-Point Configuration.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

(SDH)

STM-1 is formed by combining PDH

signals in one of the following ways,
63 nos. of 2mbps streams OR
42 nos. of 2mbps streams and 1 no.
of 34mbps streams. OR
21 nos. of 2mbps streams and 2 nos.
of 34mbps streams. OR
3 nos. of 34mbps streams. OR
1 no. of 140 mbps stream.

Name of system

Speed

Capacity

STM-1

155.52 mbps

1890 channels

STM 4

622.08 mbps

7560 channels (4* STM-1)

STM 16

2.50gbps

30,240 channels (16* STM-1)

STM - 64

10.0 gbps

120,960 channels (64* STM-1)

MICROWAVE

Advantages:

1.No cables needed

2.Multiple channels available

3.Wide bandwidth

Disadvantages
1.Line-of-sight

will be disrupted
if any obstacle,such as new
buildings,are in the way Signal
absorption by the atmosphere.
2. Microwaves suffer from
attenuation due to atmospheric
conditions.
3. Towers are expensive to build

THANKS