Introduction to

Material Science and Engineering

By
Manu Ravuri
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mech. Engg.
MITS.
MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; UNIT ISTRUCTURE OF MATERIALS

Contents
1.What is Material Science and Engineering
2.Historical Prospective of MSE
3.Why study materials
4.Mechanical properties of Materials
5.Classification of Materials
6.Conclusions
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Material Science and Engineering

Every Matter is a material

1. Material Science and Engineering

What is meant by Science?
Science is an activity enhance the systematic study of the
structure and behavior of the physical and natural world
through observation and experimentation.
What is meant by Engineering?
Engineering is the branch of science and technology
concerned with the design, building, and use of engines,
machines, and structures.
Material Science and Engineering is an interdisciplinary
field which deals with the discovery and design of
new materials.
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2. Historical perspective

Materials are closely connected to our culture

The development and advancement of societies are dependent on the available materials and
their use, early civilizations are designated by level of materials development (like stone age,
bronze age, iron age)
Earlier civilizations used materials like stone, wood, clay etc.
With passage of time, methods for producing superior materials were invented and this led to
newer
materials like ceramics, metals, plastics, glass and fibers.
The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been
intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials.
For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive
steel or some other comparable substitute.

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2. Historical perspective
Stone Age:

Human civilization started with Stone Age

where people used only natural materials, like stone, clay,

skin, and wood for the purposes like to make weapons,
instruments, shelter, etc.

2. Historical perspective
Bronze Age: When people found copper and how to make
it harder by alloying, the Bronze Age started about 3000
BC.

2. Historical perspective
Iron Age: which starts from 1200 BC to 1850 AD. In this
period iron is found in the earth crust.
Steel making process is discovered which enabled the
railroads and the building of the modern infrastructure of the
industrial world.
Metal coins are used for the first time.
Decorative objects like jewellery start being made.

2. Historical perspective
Space Age: Its being said and agreed that we are presently
in Space Age marked by many technological developments
towards development materials resulting in stronger and light
materials

like

composites,

electronic

materials

like

semiconductors, materials for space voyage like high

temperature ceramics, biomaterials, etc.

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2. Historical perspective

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3. Importance of Materials
To select a material for a given use based on considerations
of cost and performance. Eg: Copper material for heat
exchanger.
To understand the limitations of material and to change of
their properties with use. Eg: Plastic chairs are better than
wooden chairs.
To be able to create a new material that will have some
desirable properties. Eg: Composite material to more strong
as well as light weight.
To be able to use the material for different application. Eg:
Metal objects are replacing by plastics.

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3. Importance of Materials
Example: Design and select a bottle material for storage of
cool drink?

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3. Importance of Materials
What are the primary characters of the container to store the
cool drink?
1.Container material should not contaminate the drink
2. Thermal conductivity must be medium
3. Easy for transportation
4. Provide a barrier to the passages
5. Relatively strong
6. Reasonable cost

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3. Importance of Materials
What are the secondary characters of the container to store
the cool drink?
1.Container material should be attractive
2. Material should be transparent
3. Reusable
4. Easy to manufacture

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3. Importance of Materials
What are the available material for storage?
1. Glass
2. Aluminum
3. Plastic
4. Paper polythene

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3. Importance of Materials
Which material you will select? What are the cons and pros

17

3. Importance of Materials
In order to select proper material for this application you
need to understand the structure, properties, processing and
performance. These four are the four components of the
material science.

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Material Science and Engineering

Important components of the Materials Science are structure, properties, processing, and performance. A
schematic interrelation between these four components is shown in figure.

arrangement of internal components

subatomic
atomic
microscopic
macroscopic (bulk)

Structure (means a description of the arrangements of atoms or ions in a material)

Characterization (refers to the broad and general process by which a material's

Processing (means different ways for

structure and properties are probed and measured)

shaping materials into useful components or

changing their properties)

properties

method of preparing
material

Figure :Interrelation between four

components of Materials Science.

performance
behavior in a
particular application

material characteristic
response to external
stimulus
mechanical, electrical,
thermal, magnetic,
optical, deteriorative

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Material Science and Engineering

Materials Science and Engineering
Composition means the chemical make-up of a material.
Structure means a description of the arrangements of atoms or
ions in a material.
Synthesis is the process by which materials are made from
naturally occurring or other chemicals.
Processing means different ways for shaping materials into useful
components or changing their properties.

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Material Science and Engineering

Application of the tetrahedron of materials science and engineering to sheet steels for automotive chassis.
Note that the microstructure-synthesis and processing-composition are all interconnected and affect the performance-to-cost ratio
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4. Mechanical Properties of Materials

Strength: Ability of a material that can resist or bear load or
stress.

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4. Mechanical Properties of Materials

Hardness: Resistance offered by the material against
mechanical deformation.

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4. Mechanical Properties of Materials

Brittleness: Ability of a material that can undergo sudden
failure without plastic deformation.

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4. Mechanical Properties of Materials

Ductility: Ability of a material that can undergo plastic
deformation before failure.

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4. Mechanical Properties of Materials

Fracture Toughness: Ability of a material that can absorb
energy at the time of failure.
Resilience: Ability of a material
that can resist shock and impact
loads

(up

to

proportionality

limit).

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5. Classifications of Materials

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5. Classifications of Materials
Metals:

good conductors of electricity and heat

lustrous appearance
susceptible to corrosion
strong, but deformable under
mechanical loading
Considerable ductility
Density is high

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5. Classifications of Materials
Metals:
o Pure metals are not good enough for many applications,
especially structural applications. Thus metals are used in
alloy form i.e. a metal mixed with another metal to improve
the desired qualities.
o Eg: aluminium, steel, brass, gold.

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5. Classifications of Materials
Polymers/Plastics:
Polymers are made up of C, H, O.

<150C

<300C

<300C

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5. Classifications of Materials
Polymers/Plastics:

Bad conductor of heat & electricity

low density, low weight
maybe extremely flexible
Non-corrosive
Environmentally hazardous

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5. Classifications of Materials
Ceramics:

thermally and electrically insulating

resistant to high temperatures and harsh
environments
hard, but brittle
Density is medium
Anti-corrosive material

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5. Classifications of Materials
Composite materials: (Matrix + reinforcement)
Composite materials are made with two or more dissimilar
materials by combining to obtain desirable property of the
materials.
Eg: high strength and low weight can be obtained.

33

Metals
good conductors of electricity
and heat
lustrous appearance
susceptible to corrosion
strong, but deformable under
mechanical loading
Considerable ductility
Density is high

5. Classifications of Materials

Ceramics & Glasses

thermally and electrically insulating

resistant to high temperatures and
harsh environments
hard, but brittle
Density is medium
Anti-corrosive material

Polymers

Bad conductor of heat & electricity

low density, low weight
maybe extremely flexible
Non-corrosive
Environmentally hazardous

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5. Classifications of Materials
Biomaterials
implanted in human body
compatible with body
tissues

hip replacement

Semiconductors
electrical properties between
conductors and insulators
electrical properties can be
precisely controlled

Intel Pentium 4

Composites

Smart materials

consist of more than Will change its

properties and
one material type
behavior according to
designed to display a
its surrounding
combination of
conditions
properties of each
Piezo-electric material
component

fiberglass surfboards

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INTRODUCTION-Classification of Materials

Figure 3. Representative strengths of various categories of materials

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INTRODUCTION-Classification of Materials

Figure 4. Functional classification of

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materials.

INTRODUCTION-Classification of Materials-Based on
structure
Crystalline material
is a material comprised of one or many crystals. In each crystal, atoms or
ions show a long-range periodic arrangement.
Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of only one crystal (there are no grain
boundaries).
Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material. Each grain is a distinct crystal with its own
orientation. When a metal solidifies from the molten state, millions of tiny crystals start to grow.
The longer the metal takes to cool the larger the crystals grow. These crystals form the grains in
the solid metal.
Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of many crystals (as opposed to a singlecrystal material that has only one crystal).
Grain boundaries A grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a
polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are defects in the crystal structure, and tend to
decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material.
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INTRODUCTION-Classification of Materials-Based on
structure

Grain

Grain boundary

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INTRODUCTION-Properties of materials
Strength: Ability of a material that can resist or bear load or stress.
Hardness: Resistance offered by the material against mechanical deformation.
Brittleness: Ability of a material that can undergo sudden failure without plastic deformation.
Ductility: Ability of a material that can undergo plastic deformation before failure.
Fracture Toughness: Ability of a material that can absorb energy at the time of failure.
Resilience: Ability of a material that can resist shock and impact loads (up to proportionality limit).
Stiffness: Ability of a material that can bear the load under stress.
Creep: Time versus strain behaviour of a material under constant mechanical loading condition.
Fatigue: Time versus strain behaviour of a material under oscillating mechanical loading conditions.

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INTRODUCTION-Properties of materials
Mechanical:
elastic modulus
shear modulus
hardness

Electrical:
conductivity
resistivity
capacitance
+

Optical:
reflectivity
absorbance
emission

Thermal:
thermal expansion
heat capacity
thermal conductivity

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INTRODUCTION-Properties of materials
MATERIALS
Metals and Alloys - Gray
cast iron

EXAMPLE
APPLICATIONS
Automobile engine
blocks

PROPERTIES
Castable, machinable, vibration
damping

Ceramics and Glasses (SiO2- Window glass

Na2O-CaO)

Optically transparent, thermally

insulating

Polymers-Polyethylene

Food packaging

Easily formed into thin, flexible,

airtight film

Semiconductors -Silicon

Transistors and
integrated
circuits

Unique electrical behavior

Composites - Tungsten
carbide
-cobalt (WC-Co)

Carbide cutting
tools for machining

High hardness, yet good shock

resistance

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BONDING FORCES AND

ENERGIES
These forces are of two types, attractive and repulsive, and
the magnitude of each is a function of the separation or
inter-atomic distance
Ultimately, the outer electron shells of the two atoms begin
to overlap, and a strong repulsive force FR comes into play.
The net force FN between the two atoms is just the sum of
both attractive and repulsive components; that is,

FN = FA+ FR
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 Figure 2.8 (a) The dependence of

repulsive, attractive, and net forces
on interatomic separation for two
isolated atoms.

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 The dependence of repulsive,

attractive, and net potential energies
on inter-atomic separation for two
isolated atoms.

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which is also a function of the

interatomic separation, as also plotted
in Figure 2.8a. When FA and FR
balance, or become equal, there is no
net force; that is,

FA +FR =
0 of equilibrium exists. The
Then a state
centers of the two atoms will remain
separated by the equilibrium spacing
r0,
many atoms, r0 is approximately 0.3
nm.

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INTRODUCTION-Bonding in solids
Atomic bonds in solids may be classified into two types:
1. Primary or fundamental bonds
2. Secondary or molecular bonds
Primary bonds are stronger and more stable than the secondary bonds. They are further
classified into:
(a) Ionic bond
(b)Covalent bond
(c) Metallic bond
Ex. Ceramics, alumina (Al2O3), diamond, plastics, silicon..
Out of these bonds ionic bonds are the strongest and the metallic bonds are the weakest.
Secondary bonds are feeble and less stable. They are further classified into:
(d)Hydrogen bonds
(e) Van der Walls Bonds
Van der walls bonds are the weakest amongst all known bonds.
Ex. Gases and liquids

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INTRODUCTION-Bonding in solids
Bonds whether primary or secondary, may have properties that are either:
1. Directional

2. Non-directional

Depending upon the behavior, bonds are termed either directional bond or nondirectional bond.
Non-directional bonds occur in metals as valence electrons are attracted to the nuclei
of neighbouring atoms, however, this attraction is not in any particular direction giving
birth to the phrase 'non-directional'. This is what gives metals there malleability or ability
to be moulded into shape. The ionic, metallic and van der walls bonds are nondirectional
Directional bonds are the opposite, such as in an ionic substance where the positive
ions are strongly attracted to negative ions forming a 3 dimensional lattice. This is why
solids such as table salt is not malleable, it is an ionic compound with directional bonds.
The covalent and hydrogen bonds are directional.
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INTRODUCTION-Bonding in solids-Primary
1. Ionic Bonding: This bondbonding
exists between two atoms when one of the atoms is negative (has an extra
electron) and another is positive (has lost an electron). Then there is a strong, direct Coulomb attraction.
Basically ionic bonds are non-directional in nature.
An example is NaCl. In the molecule, there are more electrons around Cl, forming Cl- and fewer electrons
around Na, forming Na+. Ionic bonds are the strongest bonds. In real solids, ionic bonding is usually exists
along with covalent bonding.
Coulombic bonding force

+
+

+
+

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Ceramics & Glasses

thermally and
electrically insulating
resistant to high
temperatures and
harsh environments
hard, but brittle

INTRODUCTION-Bonding in solids-Primary
bonding
2. Covalent Bonding: In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between the atoms, to saturate the
valency.
The simplest example is the H2 molecule, where the electrons spend more time in between the nuclei of two
atoms than outside, thus producing bonding. Covalent bonds are stereo-specific i.e. each bond is between a
specific pair of atoms, which share a pair of electrons (of opposite magnetic spins). Typically, covalent bonds
are directional in nature.
H

shared electron
from hydrogen

shared electron
from carbon

Polymers
very large molecules
low density, light
weight materials
maybe extremely
flexible

methane (CH4)

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INTRODUCTION-Bonding in solidsPrimary bonding

3. Metallic Bonding: Metals are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivities. Thus, neither
covalent nor ionic bondings are realized because both types of bonding localize the valence. This bond
generally appears in most metals and alloys in which valance electrons are not bonded. However, strong
bonding does occur in metals. The valence electrons of metals are also delocalized. Thus metallic bonding can
be viewed as metal containing a periodic structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized
electrons. The attraction between the two provides the bond, which is non-directional.

sea of electrons

ionic
cores

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Properties
good conductors of
electricity and heat
lustrous appearance
susceptible to
corrosion
strong, but
deformable

INTRODUCTION-Bonding in solidsSecondary bonding

4. Vander Waals Bond: this bond exists due to the week forces between the atoms. Week electrostatic
attraction is due to unsymmetrical electrical charges in electrically neutral atoms or molecules.
An example for this type of bond is H2O. The bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are ionic whereas the bonds
between water molecules are Vander Waals bonds.

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