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Contents
Introduction
Parameters of Link Budget
Example of Link Budget
Introduction
Link Budget
Forward link :
Reverse link:
Easy to assess
Largely used in RND / RNO
Introduction
Interference
Introduction
Interference on the Forward link
Primary source of interference: typically power broadcasted by
surrounding cells
Secondary source of Interference: other links in the same cell
serving other UE
Introduction
Interference on the Reverse link
Primary source of interference: other UE in the same cell
Secondary source of Interference: other UE outside the
cell. These UE are not under the power control of the cell.
Introduction
Interference reduction during RNP
critical
Need of thorough guidelines in order to:
Reduce co-channel interference
Reduce adjacent frequencies interference
own network
Network of Competitors
Contents
Introduction
Parameters of Link Budget
Example of Link Budget
Analysis Scenarios
Morphology
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural Area
Highway
Analysis Scenarios
Morphology (Cont.)
Channel model
Sectorization
Indoor coverage
Target service (seamless coverage)
TMA and Diversity mode
Cell loading
Average antenna height
Cable loss
Analysis Scenarios
Channel model
The channel model defines the number of signal path, relative path
loss and delay variance to abstract the wireless channel.
According to specifications of 3GPP R4(TR25.943 V4.0.0), typical
channel models are used as following:
Static: no multipath
TU3: typical urban area, pedestrian, 3km/h
TU50: typical urban area, vehicle, 50km/h
TU120: typical urban area, vehicle, 120km/h
RA120: rural area, vehicle, 120km/h
RA250: rural area, vehicle, 250km/h
HT120: high terrain, vehicle, 120km/h
Analysis Scenarios
Channel model (Cont.)
Analysis Scenarios
Sectorization
Analysis Scenarios
Bearer Type
4.75 kb/s
5.15 kb/s
5.9 kb/s
6.7 kb/s
7.4 kb/s
7.95 kb/s
10.2 kb/s
12.2 kb/s
(AMR Voice Codec)
64 kb/s LCD&UDD
144 kb/s LCD&UDD
384 kb/s LCD&UDD
The requirements
of EbNo are different with bearers or services.
Analysis Scenarios
Diversity mode
None
STTD (Space Time Transmit Diversity)
Closedloop-Mode1
Closedloop-mode2
Analysis Scenarios
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
Analysis Scenarios
Indoor coverage
Nominal maximum
output power
+33 dBm
+27 dBm
+24 dBm
+21 dBm
Tolerance
+1/-3 dB
+1/-3 dB
+1/-3 dB
2 dB
Cable Loss
The cable between the cabinet and the antenna or TMA often
introduces loss of signal power.
The cable loss impacts:
Noise Figure of the receiver in the uplink
EIRP in the downlink
For the 7/8 cable, the loss is about to be 6dB per hundred- meter
length in 2G frequency band. Besides, the loss of jumper and
connector should be included.
Body Loss
Introduces the effect of the human being handling the
terminal in the link budget.
And depends on the operational conditions.
Typical values are about 3dB for voice service and 0dB for
data service.
Antenna Gain
Accounts for the gain at the antennas of the mobile terminal
and Base Station
Typical values for the Mobile station are 0dBi .
Base station antennas gains are dependant on
configuration.
EIRP
Equivalent Isotropic Radiation Power (EIRP) is defined as
follows in Link Budget:
Noise Figure
UE
BS
Define the cable connector of the antenna as the reference point for NF
calculation to accommodate the cases of with and without TMA
In the case of without TMA and 3 dB for cable loss, according to the
following diagram and the formula of NF calculation,
NF
XdB
NF at this port:
2.72 dB
Cable
NodeB
Gain
-XdB
the noise figure can be calculated
as follows:
NF NFCable
NFCabinetTop 1
GCable
10 lg(10
0.3
10 0.272 1
) 5.72
0.3
10
Noise Figure
BS (Cont.)
Gain
0.5dB
2.0dB
XdB
Jumper
before TMA
TMA
Cable
-0.5dB
12dB
-XdB
NodeB
NFCabinetTop 1
NFTMA 1
NFCable 1
NF NFJumper
GJumper
GJumper GTMA GJumper GTMA GCable
Note: the NFCabinetTop is a variable parameter because of gain adjustment
to compensate gain variance and maintain a constant RF channel gain.
Required EbNo
Needed by the user service to maintain the link with
acceptable quality.
Output from Link-level Simulation according to the following
factors:
Channel type
Mobile speed
QoS
Receiver implementation
BS
cabinet
External
LNA
External
di plexer
or
RX filter
(if any)
(if any)
From
antenna connector
Diversity mode: it is assumed a receiver with available diversity in the link budget;
but none for the requirements in the protocol.
Test port A
Test port B
Channel model: only static channel is assumed in the specification requirements.
Interference Margin
The interference margin is used to account for the increase
in the interference level within the cell due to other users.
It introduces in the Link Budget a way for accounting for the
loading of the cell.
The more loading is allowed the larger margin is needed.
Typical values for the interference margin are between 13dB corresponding to 20%-50% loading in the uplink.
Uplink Loading
The loading factor can be defined as:
1
UL 1 i
j 1
1
W 1
( Eb / N 0 ) j R j v j
1
1 UL
Downlink Loading
In the Downlink the loading factor can be expressed as
N
DL
1
W 1
j 1
1
( Eb / N 0 ) j R j v j
(1 j i j )
NoiseRise j
I Total ( j )
PN
PN I SC I OC
PN
1
( j i j ) PBS _ TX / CL j
1 ( j i j )
PN
N
PCCH
( E / N ) CL
[ vn b 0 n n ]
CL j PN n 1
W / Rn CL j
1 DL
[ vn
n 1
( Eb / N 0 ) n
(E / N )
CLn ] N E{vn b 0 n CLn ]} N SIR CL
W / Rn
W / Rn
DL
1
W 1
j 1
1
( Eb / N 0 ) j R j v j
N E{[vn
( Eb / N 0 ) j
W / Rj
( Eb / N 0 ) j
j 1
W / Rj
(1 j i j ) [vn
(1 j i j )]} N SIR ( i )
(1 j i j )]
IM DL NoiseRise j
N
PCCH
( E / N ) CL
[vn b 0 n n ]
CL j PN n 1
W / Rn CL j
E{1 ( j i j )
}
1 DL
1 ( j i j )
1
( j i j )
1 DL
N
PCCH
( E / N ) CL
[vn b 0 n n ]
CL j PN n 1
W / Rn CL j
1 DL
PCCH / CL j
PN
DL CL
)
i CL j
Note: mean values without subscript j refer to averaging over all users in the cell;
mean values with subscript j refer to averaging over users on the cell edge.
DL
PBS _ TX
PMAX
PCCH
PMAX
PDCH ( j )
j
PMAX
PMAX DL
]
PN CL j
PMAX DL
PN CL j
Penetration Loss
If indoor coverage is guaranteed, penetration loss should
be included in the link budget.
Angles of incidence, building structures and material are
among the factors determining penetration loss.
It is assumed that penetration loss is log-normal distributed
and described with standard deviation and mean value.
In the link budget, the standard deviation of penetration
loss combine with that of path loss to calculate the standard
deviation of indoor loss according to the following formula:
R _ SHO a 2
1 2
PrOutageSHO ( R)
e
[
Q
(
)] d
b
2
The gain can be resulted from:
G R _ Single R _ SHO
Propagation Model
With the path loss calculated in the link budget, the cell
range for the specific analysis scenario can be figured out
by using propagation model
COST231-Hata model:
Propagation Model
Contents
Introduction
Parameters of Link Budget
Example of Link Budget
PL_DL
Soft Handover
Area
Antenna
Cable
Duplexer
SHO Gain
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for
Background Noise
PL_UL
TX RX
Node B
Antenna
Duplexer
TX RX
UE
Body Loss
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for Background
Noise
Receiver Sensitivity
PDCH_Max
Minimum Required Signal Strength
EiRP
PUE_Max
Uplink Budget
PL _ UL Pout _ UE Ga _ BS Ga _ UE Lc _ BS Lf _ BS
Mf G _ Mf Ms G _ Ms MI _ UL MBn Lp Lb S _ BS
Downlink Budget
PL _ DL Pout _ BS Lc _ BS Lf _ BS Ga _ BS Ga _ UE
Mf G _ Mf Ms G _ Ms MI _ DL MBn Lp Lb S _ UE
S K * R^2
S: coverage area
K: constant accounting for sector configuration
r: maximum cell range
Site configuration
Value of K
Omni
2.6