SDH Concepts

S
D H
CONCEPTS
Friday, July 8
ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEP
WHY GO TO SDH ?
STANDARD INTERFACES AT ALL LEVELS.
ELIMINATES
AT ADD/DROP
MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING
LOCATIONS.
ACCEPTS A WIDE VARIETY OF SIGNAL TYPES.

VENDOR INDEPENDENCE.
Friday, July 8
CONTENTS
SDH
PROTECTION
PLANNING
SYNCHRONISATION
Friday, July 8
SDH: DISCUSSION AREA

WHAT IS SDH ?
EVOLUTION
DRIVING FORCES
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
ADVANTAGES OF SDH
SIGNAL HIERARCHY
MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE
FRAME REPRESENTATION
NETWORK ELEMENTS
NETWORK TOPOLOGY, etc....
Friday, July 8
WHAT IS
SDH ?
SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.
DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.
HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER.
Friday, July 8
WHAT IS
S D H ? (CONTD)
SDH IS AN ITU-T STANDARD FOR A HIGH CAPACITY

TELECOM NETWORK.
SDH IS A SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TRANSPORT

SYSTEM, AIM TO PROVIDE A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL
AND FLEXIBLE TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE.
Friday, July 8
SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE STANDARDS FOR
TRANSMISSION OF SYNCHRONOUS SIGNALS
BEGAN IN U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1984, BY
ANSI ACCREDITED T1X1 COMMITTEE.
IN 1985 SONET STANDARD WAS BORN.
IN 1986 CCITT BECAME INTERESTED IN SONET
STANDARD.
Friday, July 8
SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

(CONTD)
CCITT PROPOSED CHANGES TO T1X1

COMMITTEE TO ACCOMMODATE BOTH
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HIERARCHIES.
FINAL AGREEMENT WAS REACHED IN 1988
AND CCITT WORKING GROUP-XVIII CAME
OUT WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON SDH.
Friday, July 8
DRIVING FORCES
NEW
NEWENHANCED
ENHANCEDSERVICES
SERVICES NEEDING
NEEDINGSYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONIZATION
SOLUTION.
SOLUTION.
QoS
QoS REQUIREMENT
REQUIREMENT
MULTI-OPERATOR
MULTI-OPERATORENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
LIMITATION
LIMITATIONOF
OFTO-DAYS
TO-DAYS NETWORK
NETWORK
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES OF
OF SDH
SDH
Friday, July 8
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:
-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT
SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING
METHODS.
BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING
NETWORK REQUIREMENT
-CHANGING REQUIREMENT
Friday, July 8
10
PDH HIERARCHIES
EUROPE (Mbps)
USA (Mbps)
JAPAN (Mbps)
400
565
x4
276
140
x4
x6
x3
32
x7
6
x4
2
Friday, July 8
100
45
34
x4
x4
x5
6
x4
1.5
x4
1.5
11
BASIS OF TODAYS NETWORK

MUX
DEM
UX
LINE
DEM
UX
MUX
DEM
UX
MUX
MUX
DEM
UX
MUX
DEM
UX
DDF
DDF
DDF
DEM
UX
MUX
DDF
DDF
DDF
ELABORATE DROPPING ARRANGEMENT
Friday, July 8
12
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:
-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING
METHODS.
BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING
NETWORK REQUIREMENT
-CHANGING REQUIREMENT
Friday, July 8
13
CHANGING NETWORK REQUIREMENT

TODAYS
NETWORK
POINT-TO-POINT
TRANSMISSION
SUPPORTED BY
MANUAL APPROACH
TO NETWORK
MANAGEMENT AND
MAINTENANCE.
Friday, July 8
CUSTOMERS
NEED
TOMORROWS
NETWORK
FASTER PROVISIONING TELECOMMUNICATION

OF CIRCUITS AND
NETWORKING
SERVICES
&
SUPPORTED BY
DEMANDS FOR
SOPHISTICATED
TELECOM SERVICES
COMPUTER BASED
INTEGRATED
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
MAINTENANCE
14
SDH- ADVANTAGES
SIMPLIFICATION (ABILITY TO DIRECTLY DROP LOWER TRIB)
CAN ACCOMMODATE BOTH EXISTING AND FUTURE SIGNALS
IMPROVED SERVICE QUALITY (THROUGH SUPERVISION )
ADVANCED N/W MANAGEMENT AND MTCE CAPABILITIES.
N/W SURVIVABILITY
DYNAMIC N/W CAPACITY MANAGEMENT
MULTI VENDOR NETWORKING (MID FIBRE MEET)
Friday, July 8
15
SDH ACCOMMODATES
EXISTING SIGNALS
34M
8M
2M
64K
140M
34M
C4
C3
8M
2M
Friday, July 8
63
1
C12
S
D
H
M
U
X
16
SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET vs SDH BIT RATES
SONET
SYNCHRONOUS
OPTICAL
TRANSPORT SIGNAL CARRIER
STS-1
OC-1
STS-3
OC-3
STS-9
OC-9
STS-12
OC-12
STS-18
OC-18
STS-24
OC-24
STS--36
OC-36
STS-48
OC-48
STS-192
OC-192
SDH
BIT RATE SYNCHRONOUS

MBPS
TRANSPORT MODULE
51.84
---155.52 STM-1
466.56 ---622.08 STM-4
933.12 --1244.16 --1866.24 --2488.32 STM-16
9953.28 STM-64
*BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER
Friday, July 8
17
MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE
STM-N
xN
AUG
x1
AU-4 VC-4
139 264 kbit/s

(Note)
C-4
x3
x3
AU-3 VC-3
x7
Pointer processing
x1
TUG-3
44 736 kbit/s
34 368 kbit/s
(Note)
C-3
x7
TUG-2
Multiplexing
x1
TU-2 VC-2
C-2
6312 kbit/s
(Note)
C-12
2048 kbit/s
(Note)
C-11
1544 kbit/s
(Note)
x3
Aligning
Mapping
TU-3 VC-3
x4
TU-12
VC-12
VC-11
TU-11
NOTE - G 702 associated with containers are shown. Other signals, e.g. ATM, can also be accommodated
(GENERALIZED MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE/G.708)
Friday, July 8
18
REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

STM-N
C-4 140Mbps
AUG AU-4 VC-4

TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34Mbps
C-1
2Mbps
TUG-2
TU-1
VC-1
(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)
Friday, July 8
19
The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path
Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
Friday, July 8
20
The Tributary Unit (TU)

Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)

Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM1)

Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing
in the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing
Friday, July 8
21
SDH FRAME
REPRESENTATION
9
S
O
H
261
PAY
LOAD
270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
Friday, July 8
22
270 Columns (Bytes)

270
transmit
row by row
RSOH
3
4
Payload
AU Pointer
(transport capacity)
MSOH
9
RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s
Friday, July 8
23
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
1ST ROW
2ND ROW
3RD ROW
9TH ROW
9
261
261
I
S
O
H
261
261
261
PAY LOAD
270
Friday, July 8
24
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
25
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
26
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
27
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
28
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
29
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
30
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
31
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
32
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
33
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
34
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
35
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
36
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
37
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
38
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
39
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
40
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
41
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
42
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
43
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
44
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
45
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
46
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
47
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
48
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
49
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
50
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
51
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
52
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
53
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
54
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
55
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
56
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
57
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
58
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
59
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
60
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
61
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
62
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
63
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
64
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
65
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
66
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
67
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
68
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
69
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
70
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
71
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
72
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
73
FRAME
REPRESENTATION
Friday, July 8
74
270 Columns (Bytes)

270
transmit
row by row
RSOH
3
4
Payload
AU Pointer
MSOH
9
RSOH: Regenerator section

overhead
Payload: Area for information
transport
Friday, July 8

Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000
= 155.520 Mbit/s
75
270 Columns (Bytes)

270
transmit
row by row
RSOH
3
4
Payload
AU Pointer
MSOH
9
RSOH: Regenerator section

overhead
Payload: Area for information
transport
Friday, July 8

Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000
= 155.520 Mbit/s
76
THE TRUCK
OVERHEAD
Friday, July 8
PAYLOAD
77
THE TRUCK
OVERHEAD
Friday, July 8
PAYLOAD
78
BIT RATE : STM-N

9
261
125
S
O
H
??
SEC
OPAY
N
DS
LOAD
270
Friday, July 8
79
MUX PRINCIPLE
Container-n(
Container-n(n=1-4
n=1-4):):AAcontainer
containerisisthe
theinformation
informationstructure
structure
which
whichforms
formsthe
thenetwork
networksynchronous
synchronousinformation
informationpayload
payloadfor
for
aavirtual
virtualcontainer
container
SIGNAL
CONTAINER
Friday, July 8
80
MUX PRINCIPLE: CONTAINERS(C-n)

SIG
SIGNAL
C-1
SIGNAL
C-3
C-4
Friday, July 8
81
MUX PRINCIPLE: VC-n

Virtual
VirtualContainer-n(VC-n):It
Container-n(VC-n):Itisisthe
theinformation
structureused
used
to
tosupport
supportpath
pathlayer
layerconnections
connectionsin
inthe
theSDH.
SDH.
Two
Twotypes
typesof
ofVCs:
VCs: Lower
Lowerorder
orderVC-n(n=1,2)
VC-n(n=1,2)
Higher
Higherorder
orderVc-n(n=3,4)
Vc-n(n=3,4)
P
O
H
Friday, July 8
CONTAINER
82
MUX PRINCIPLE: TU-n/ AU

ItItisisan
aninformation
structurewhich
whichprovides
providesadaptation
adaptation between
betweentwo
two
layers:
layers: -Between
-Betweenlower
lowerand
andhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayers
layersfor
forTU
TU
-Between
-Betweenhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayer
layerand
andsection
sectionlayer
layerfor
forAU
AU
P
T
R
P
O
H
CONTAINER
POINTER
POINTERisisan
anindicator
indicator whose
whosevalue
valuedefines
definesthe
theframe
frameoffset
offsetof
ofaaVC
VC with
with
respect
respectto
tothe
theframe
framereference
referenceof
ofthe
thetransport
transportentity
entityon
on which
whichititisissupported
supported
Friday, July 8
83
MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-4 )
S
O
H
P P
T O
R H
Friday, July 8
CONTAINER-4
84
MULTIPLEXING FROM C-4

CONTAINER-4
POH
PTR
PTR
SOH
Friday, July 8
C-4
C-4
VC-4
VC-4
AU-4
VC-4
AUG
AUG
STM-1
85
MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-3)
S
O
H
P P
T O
R H
TUG-3
P
T
R
Friday, July 8
P
O
H
TUG-3
TUG-3
CONTAINER-3
86
MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-1)

S
O
H
P
T
R
P
O
H
TUG-3
TUG-3
TUG-3
TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2
TU-1
P
T
R
Friday, July 8
P
O
H
TU-1
TU-1
CONTAINER-1
87
BIT RATE : STM-N
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFROWS
ROWS==99
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFCOLUMNS
COLUMNS==9+261=270
9+261=270
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBYTES
BYTES== 9x270
9x270
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBITS
BITS== 9x270x8
9x270x8
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBITS
BITS// SECOND
SECOND==9x270x8x8000
9x270x8x8000
=155520000
=155520000
=155.520
=155.520Mbps
Mbps (STM-1)
(STM-1)
BIT
BIT RATE
RATE OF
OFSTM-N
STM-N == (Nx155.520)
(Nx155.520)Mbps
Mbps
Friday, July 8
88
Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.
STM-1
AU-Pointer
VC-4
TUPTR
VC-4 POH
VC-12
VC-12
POH
Friday, July 8
89
RSOH
AU pointer
MSOH
VC-4
TUG-3
Tu pointer
TU-12
TUG-2
VC-12
Friday, July 8
90
A1
B1
D1
B2
D4
SECTION OVERHEAD
DETAILS
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
E1
D2
B2
D7
D10
S1
B2
K1
Friday, July 8
K2
D6
D9
D12
D5
D8
D11
M1
A FRAMING
D DATACOM FOR NMS
F USER CHANNEL
K APS
RESERVED FOR NATIONAL USE
UNUSED RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE
J0
F1
D3
E2
B PARITY CHECK
E ORDERWIRE
M MS-REI
MEDIA DEPEDENT
91
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER (MUX):
* MAPPING OF PDH SIGNALS INTO SDH.
* MULTIPEXING OF LOWER -ORDER SDH SIGNALS INTO SDH
63 Nos. OF 2Mbps or
3 Nos.of 34Mbps or
1 Nos. of 140Mbps or
combination of above
PDH
TM
STM-n
STM-m
(m<n)
Friday, July 8
92
NETWORK ELEMENTS
ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM):
* PERMITS ADD& DROP OF LOWER ORDER SIGNALS.
ADM
STM-n
STM-n
(m<n)
STM-m
Friday, July 8
PDH
93
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (SDXC):
* PERMITS SWITCHING OF TRANSMISSION LINES WITH
DIFFERENT BIT-RATES.
* SDXC CAN ADD AND DROP LOWER-ORDER SIGNALS.
STM-n
STM-n
STM-n
Friday, July 8
STM-m/PDH
94
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS REGENERATOR (REG):
*
REGENERATES THE INCOMING LINE SIGNAL.

* SUPERVISE THE TRANSMISSION QUALITY OF THE LINE
STM-n
Friday, July 8
REG
STM-n
95
NETWORK ELEMENTS
N
NM
MS
S
GN
E
SDH AIMS TO PROVIDE:

STANDARDISED , CENTRALISED O&M SYSTEM .
Friday, July 8
96
SDH MANAGEMENT
Performance Management
Fault / Event Management
Configuration Management
Accounting Management
Security Management
Friday, July 8
97
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* POINT-TO-POINT:
TM
TM
* POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT:
TM
Friday, July 8
ADM
TM
98
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* HUB-TOPOLOGY:
CO
TM
ADM
TM
TM
ADM
TM
(a) HUB WITH TM & ADM

TM
DXC
TM
TM
TM
(b) HUB WITH TM & DXC
Friday, July 8
99
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* RING-TOPOLOGY:
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Friday, July 8
100
SDH NETWORK
STRUCTURE
SDH ISLAND
PDH
NETWORK
SDH ISLAND
a) Mixed SDH-PDH network

STM -16
STM -4
MAJOR TRUNKS
REGIONAL
STM -1
b) Typical use of SDH rates.

Friday, July 8
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Friday, July 8
102

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S

ACCEPTS A WIDE VARIETY OF SIGNAL TYPES.

SDH: DISCUSSION AREA

SDH IS AN ITU-T STANDARD FOR A HIGH CAPACITY

SDH IS A SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TRANSPORT

SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

CCITT PROPOSED CHANGES TO T1X1

BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

BASIS OF TODAYS NETWORK

DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE

BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

CHANGING NETWORK REQUIREMENT

FASTER PROVISIONING TELECOMMUNICATION

BIT RATE SYNCHRONOUS

*BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER

139 264 kbit/s

(GENERALIZED MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE/G.708)

REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

AUG AU-4 VC-4

(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

The Container (C)

Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

The Virtual Container (VC)

The Tributary Unit (TU)

The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

The Administrative Unit (AU)

The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM1)

270 Columns (Bytes)

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

270 Columns (Bytes)

RSOH: Regenerator section

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s

270 Columns (Bytes)

RSOH: Regenerator section

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s

BIT RATE : STM-N

MUX PRINCIPLE: CONTAINERS(C-n)

MUX PRINCIPLE: VC-n

MUX PRINCIPLE: TU-n/ AU

MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-4 )

MULTIPLEXING FROM C-4

MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-3)

MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-1)

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2

BIT RATE : STM-N

REGENERATES THE INCOMING LINE SIGNAL.

SDH AIMS TO PROVIDE:

Fault / Event Management

(a) HUB WITH TM & ADM

(b) HUB WITH TM & DXC

a) Mixed SDH-PDH network

b) Typical use of SDH rates.

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