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CONTENTS
Overview
Introduction to Computers
Characteristics of Computers
History/Evolution
Generation Of Computers
Overview
Introduction to Computers
Classification of computers
Applications of Computers
Number Systems, Number Conversions, Logic Gates
Overview
contd..
Computer Organization
Memory Units
Input Devices
Output Devices
Overview
contd..
UNIT-III
Introduction To Computers
Definition:
Its an electronic Device that is used for information
Processing.
Computer.. Latin word.. compute
Calculation Machine
Introduction To Computers
Computer
Performs computations and makes logical decisions
Millions / billions times faster than human beings
Computer programs
Sets of instructions for which computer processes data.
Instruction : A command in binary that is recognized and
executed by the computer in order to accomplish the task.
Hardware
Physical devices of computer system
Software
Programs that run on computers
Algorithm :
A process or set of rules to be followed in
calculations or other problem-solving operations,
Definition:
Introduction To Computer Software
Operating system
Problem solving Techniques
Computer Prog ramming languages
Computer Threats
Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor,
memory)
Printer
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Storage
devices
(CD-RW,
Floppy, Hard
disk, zip,)
Capabilities of Computers
Huge Data Storage
Input and Output
Processing
Characteristics of Computers
High Processing: The computers are very fast in
computing.
Accuracy: Rarely makes error
Reliability:
Versatility: To handle a variety of applications and jobs.
Diligence: Computer can perform a given set of functions
endlessly without getting tired or bored.
Automation : No human intervention is required one the
data are given.
Storage: A computer can store massive amount of
information.
Programmability. A program is the list of instruction
telling the computer what to do.
Keyboard.
The most commonly used input device is the
keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.
Memory
Memory also called Random Access Memory
or RAM (temporary memory) is the main
memory of the computer.
It consists of electronic components that
store data including numbers, letters of the
alphabet, graphics and sound.
Any information stored in RAM is lost when
the computer is turned off.
There are two types of RAM
SRAM(Static RAM)
DRAM(Dynamic RAM)
SRAM
SRAM, abit of datais stored using the
state of a six transistormemory cell.
This form of RAM is more expensive to
produce, but is generally faster
and requires less power than
DRAM .
In modern computers, is often used
as cache memory for theCPU.
DRAM
DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor
and capacitor pair, which together comprise
a DRAMmemory cell.
The capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or
0, respectively),
and the transistor acts as a switch that lets
the control circuitry on the chip read the
capacitor's state of charge or change it.
As this form of memory is less expensive to
produce than static RAM, it is the predominant
form of computer memory used in modern
computers.
Cache memory
Cache memory, also called
CPUmemory, is random
accessmemory(RAM) that a
computer microprocessor can access
more quickly than it can access
regular RAM. This memoryis
typically integrated directly with the
CPU chip or placed on a separate
chip that has a separate bus
interconnect with the CPU.
ROM
Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that
is etched on a chip that has start-up directions
for your computer. It is permanent memory.
Types of ROM(Non volatile memories)
PROM (Programmable ROM)
EPROM(Erasable Programmable ROM )
EEPROM(ElectricallyErasable
Programmable ROM )
Memory
Memory
RAM BANK
CPU
History Of Computers
Introduction To Computers
Generations of Computers
Introduction To Computers
Generation of Computers
Introduction To Computers
Generation 0: Mechanical Calculators
Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers
Generation 2: Transistor Computers
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: Microprocessors
Introduction To Computers
Generation 1 :
ENIAC
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was
unveiled in 1946: the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital
computer
CPU
I/O
System
Memory
Generation 2: IBM7094
Generation 4: VLSI
Microprocessors
Generation 5?
The term Generation 5 is used sometimes to refer to all
more or less sci fi future developments
Voice recognition
Artificial intelligence
Quantum computing
Bio computing
Nano technology
Learning
Natural languages