Using Sources in Your Work A Tutorial On Avoiding Plagiarism PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Using Sources in your Work:
A Tutorial on Avoiding Plagiarism

NOTE:
To move through this tutorial, use the
mouse to click on the arrow at the
bottom right of your screen.
Agenda for This Tutorial
Pretest your knowledge of plagiarism by

looking at some sample situations.
Learn more about plagiarism:
What plagiarism is and how one can avoid it

When to cite your sources
How to cite your sources
Take a quiz to verify your understanding.
Pledge that you will avoid plagiarism.
Definition of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is:
To steal the words or ideas of another
person
To pass off the words or ideas of
another person as ones own
It doesnt matter whether the theft is
intentional or accidental. Either way, it
is plagiarism.
You know this

dont you?
Sure you do. Teachers have been

talking (and talking, and talking)
about plagiarismand how you
should avoid it.
Lets see what you know about
plagiarism. In each of the following
examples, determine whether the
student committed plagiarism or not.
Jacks Situation
Jack has an English paper due tomorrow.
He read the book and paid attention
during class, but he has no idea what to
write about.
Jack logs onto the Internet just to get some
ideas about topics for his paper.
He finds a great idea and begins writing his
paper using the topic he found. He is very
careful to avoid copying any text or words
from the Internet article he found.
Is this plagiarism?
Yes
No
You must choose from the blue

buttons at the bottom of the page.
Read the situation and then choose
one of the options presented.
Click here to
return to previous slide
You said
Jack did plagiarize.
You are right. Jacks actions constitute
plagiarism.
By taking the ideas of the source
without citing them in the paper, Jack is
committing plagiarism.
Even though he put the ideas in his own
words, Jack is stealing the intellectual
property of the source.
You said
Jack did not plagiarize.
You are wrong. Jacks actions constitute
plagiarism.
By taking the ideas of the source without citing
them in the paper, Jack is committing
plagiarism.
Even though he put the ideas in his own
words, Jack is stealing the intellectual property
of the source. You are wrong. Jacks actions
constitute plagiarism.
He could avoid plagiarism if he cites the source
of the ideas in his paper.
Jills Situation
During history class, Jill is asked to
find some background on Fidel
Castros rise to power.
Jill does a Google search and arrives at
Wikipedias article on Fidel Castro.
Without using quotation marks, Jill
cuts and pastes several sentences
from Wikipedia into her assignment.
Is this plagiarism?
Yes
No

Click here to
You said
Jill did plagiarize.
You are right. Jills actions constitute
plagiarism.
By taking the words from the Wikipedia
article, Jill is committing plagiarism.
She could avoid plagiarizing if she
quotes the article in her assignment and
includes an entry describing the source
in a bibliography at the end of her
paper.
You said
Jill did not plagiarize.
You are wrong. Jills actions constitute
plagiarism.
By taking the words from the Wikipedia
article, Jill is committing plagiarism.
She could avoid plagiarizing if she
quotes the article in her assignment and
includes an entry describing the source
in a bibliography at the end of her
paper.
Gretels Situation
Gretel is a freshman who feels
overwhelmed by the high school.
When her science teacher assigns a
short worksheet on quarks, Gretel is
confused and frustrated.
During lunch, Gretel borrows her
friends paper and copies the
answers onto her own paper.
Is this plagiarism?
Yes
No

Click here to
You said
Gretel did plagiarize.
You are right. Gretels actions
Even if Gretels friend gave permission
for Gretel to copy her work, it is still
plagiarism.
Gretel is guilty of plagiarism. She tried
to take credit for the words and ideas of
another person.
You said
Gretel did not plagiarize.
You are wrong. Gretels actions
Even if Gretels friend gave permission
for Gretel to copy her work, it is still
plagiarism.
It is plagiarism when a student tries to
take credit for the words and ideas of
another person without acknowledging
the original source of the work.
Hansels Situation
Hansel is a senior who has already
been accepted to college.
When his teacher assigns a paper on a
subject that Hansel wrote a paper on
as a sophomore, Hansel decides to
turn in his old paper again.
Is this plagiarism?
Yes
No

Click here to
You said
Hansel did plagiarize.
This example does not have a clear
right or wrong answer. Although it
may not technically be plagiarism,
Hansels reuse of his own paper is
prohibited by the rules of academic
integrity.
So, if caught, Hansel would be in trouble
for his actions.
You said
Hansel did not plagiarize.
This example does not have a clear
right or wrong answer. Although it
may not technically be plagiarism,
Hansels reuse of his own paper is
prohibited by the rules of academic
integrity.
So, if caught, Hansel would be in trouble
for his actions.
Jacobs Situation
Jacob is a sophomore who is creating a
digital story using images from the
internet.
Without giving the source and the
name of the photographer, Jacob
uses photographs found doing a
Google Image search.
Is this plagiarism?
Yes
No

Click here to
You said
Jacob did plagiarize.
Although this is not technically
plagiarism, Jacobs actions are
wrong. The use of images or
drawings created by anyone other
than you requires citation of the
artists name and the source of the
image.
So, if caught, Jacob would be in trouble
for his actions.
You said
Jacob did not plagiarize.
Although this is not technically
plagiarism, Jacobs actions are
wrong. The use of images or
drawings created by anyone other
than you requires citation of the
image.
So, if caught, Jacob would be in trouble
for his actions.
How did you do?

Just to make sure you know
what actions are plagiarism,
Robert A. Harris, author of The Plagiarism Handbook, states that
The following actions are clearly

examples of plagiarism:
Downloading and submitting a free

paper from a website.
Buying and submitting a paper
purchased from a paper mill.
Copying verbatim another writers
workeither in print or online
without using quotation marks.
Harris continues his description by explaining that
The actions below are also plagiarism,

although many students dont realize it:
Inadequate paraphrasing, such as merely

substituting synonyms while keeping syntax
and other aspects the same
Rearranging another writers words or
sentences
Using anothers ideas, facts, or artistic products

without attribution
Using unique phrases from another writer
Copying the organizational or syntactical
structure of another writer, even if you change
the words used.
Wait, theres more

According to Harris
These are also plagiarism:
Cutting and pasting to create a paper from

several sources without citing those sources.
Quoting less than all the words copied.
Changing some words but copying whole
phrases.
Paraphrasing without attribution
Summarizing without attribution
Faking a citation
OK, I get it
there are lots of ways to
plagiarize.
And, yes,
I know that it is wrong.
But,
if I am not caught,
I wont be penalized.
So, what is the benefit

of citing my sources?
Four good reasons for citing

sources in your work:
Citing reliable information gives
credibility to your work.

Cheating is unethical behavior.

It is only fair to give credit to the
sourceotherwise, you are stealing the
sources ideas.

It is only fair to give credit to the
sourceotherwise, you are stealing the
sources ideas.
The consequences are severe
plagiarism is not worth the risk.
OK, fine
there are reasons to not plagiarize.

But, Im busy. Very busy.
And school doesnt matter.
And the assignment is stupid.
And my teacher wont catch me.
And other kids are doing it.
And I need a good grade.
And it is due tomorrow!
So, what am I supposed

to do?
Well, first of all,

you should not fall for those excuses!
They are excuses for cheating.

(By the way, your teachers and principals wont believe that
they are reasonable justification for cheating, either!)
And it isnt hard to avoid plagiarism!

Just cite the source of any ideas or words you
take from anyone else.
Then, provide a bibliography or Works Cited
page to show where the borrowed material
originated.
So:
(1) What do I need to cite?
What do I need to cite?
This chart will

help you decide
what must be
cited.
It was created by
Robert A. Harris in
The Plagiarism
Handbook.
Did you
think of
it?
Yes.
No.
Is it
common
knowledge?
Yes.
No.
Cite it.
Do not cite it.
Did you
think of
it?
Yes.
No.
Sothe rule is:

If you created it
or thought of it,
you do not need
to cite the source.
Is it
common
knowledge?
No.
Cite it.
If you did not
Yes.
Do not cite it.
Did you
think of
it?
Yes.
No.
The one exception to

that rule is for
common knowledge.
You do not need to
cite the source of an
unoriginal piece of
information IF:
(1) an educated
person should know
Is it
common
knowledge?
Yes.
No.
Cite it.
Do not cite it.
So, you dont need to cite a fact,

but you must cite the source of opinions
and ideas that are not your own.
And, you must cite anytime you use the exact

words of the sourceeven if the words are
presenting common knowledge.
You must always cite the source of ANY direct quotation.
So, you dont need to cite a fact,

for example: Rand wrote Anthem.
OR
Ayn Rand was born in 1905.
but you must cite the source of opinions

and ideas that are not your own.
for example: Dorothy Gale believed that Anthem is an inspiring story (75).
OR
According to Joe Smith, Equality 7-2521 represents the human spirit (15).
And, you must cite anytime you use the exact

words of the sourceeven if the words are
presenting common knowledge.
You must always cite the source of ANY direct quotation.
So, lets check to see that you

understand when you need to cite
the source and when you dont
Answer the following questions and
choose the correct answer.
Test Case #1
Jack isnt sure if he needs to cite the source of the
information below. He found the fact online.
Abraham Lincoln was our 16th president.
What do you think? What should Jack do? Pick one of
the answers below.
Cite the source.
This means he will:

(1) Either:
a) Surround with quotation marks, or
b) Put the quotation into his own words,
changing the syntax, structure,
& organization
(2) Include a lead-in giving the sources name,
(3) Give the page number, and
(4) List the source in a bibliography
Do not cite the

source.
This means that the information is a

commonly reported fact. It is generally
known and available from many sources.
(1) Jack should verify the information in at
least two sources, then
(2) Jack will write the well-known
information in his own words.
You must choose one of the

Click here to
You are incorrect.

In this case,
citation
is
not
necessary.
Jack does not need to cite the source
of quote the information because it is

general knowledge.
Because Abraham Lincolns status as
the 16th President of the US is a fact
that is verifiable in many places, Jack
can use the information without
citation.
You are correct!

Jack does not need to cite this
information.
Jack does not need to cite the source
of quote the information because it is

general knowledge.
Because Abraham Lincolns status as
the 16th President of the US is a fact
that is verifiable in many places, Jack
can use the information without
citation.
Test Case #2
In her paper on Affirmative Action, Jill found one source that
explained that Affirmative Action evens the field of play by
wreaking equity on all players.
In her paper, Jill uses the phrase wreaking equity but she puts
all the other parts of the source into her own words.
What should Jill do? Pick one of the answers below.
Cite the source.
Not cite the source.
This means she will:

(1) Either:
b) Put the quotation into her own words,
& organization
This means that the information is generally

known and available from multiple sources.
(2) Jill will write the well-known

information in her own words.

(1) Jill should verify the information in at


Click here to
You are correct!

Jill must cite this information.
Jill needs to cite the source of the

paraphrase because the idea belongs
to the source.
Further, because Jill uses the unique
phrase wreaking equity, she must
include that phrase in quotation
marks, indicating that it is a direct
quotation from the source.
You are incorrect.

In this case, citation is necessary.
Jill needs to cite the source of the

paraphrase because the idea belongs
to the source.
Further, because Jill uses the unique
phrase wreaking equity, she must
include that phrase in quotation
marks, indicating that it is a direct
quotation from the source.
Test Case #3
Gretel found a very helpful article in an online
database. She very carefully made sure that she
rewrote the content of the article using her own
personal style; she changed the authors syntax and
organization so that it fit seamlessly into her paper.
What should Gretel do?
Cite the source.
This means she will:

(1) Either:
b) Put the quotation into his own words,
& organization
This means that the information is generally

known and available from multiple sources.
(2) Gretel will write the well-known

information in her own words.

(1) Gretel should verify the information in at

(3) Gretel must include a bibliographic citation

on her Works Consulted page.

Click here to
You are correct.

In this case, citation is required.
Gretel paraphrases the sources idea

and content. She must give credit to
the source.
She must provide her audience with
the source of the idea that she
borrowed.
You are incorrect!

Gretel must cite the source of this
information, even though she put it
in her ownthe
words.
Gretel paraphrases
ideas of the
source, so she must cite the identity

of the source.
Gretel must provide her audience
with the source of the material that
she borrowed.
Test Case #4
Jacob found a photograph online that shows
the historical period hes discussing in his
paper. He wrote his own caption and placed
the image on the title page.
What should Jacob do?
Cite the source.
This means he will:
Either:
a) Put the artists name and
source directly beneath
the image, or
b) List the source in a
bibliography

This means that the image was
something that Jacob created
without manipulating other
peoples works.

Click here to
You are correct.

In this case, citation is required.
Jacob uses somebody elses creation;

therefore, he must give credit to the
source.
He must provide his readers with the
image that he borrowed.
You are incorrect!

Jacob must cite the source of this
image.
The image is not the creative

property of Jacob. Therefore, he
must cite the identity of the creator
and the source where he found the
image.
So, now you can identify

what must have a citation
Now you need to know
How to Cite a Source
Its easy. Just provide your audience with

the source of any ideas or words that are
not your own.
First, carefully mark the beginning and end of
the sources words or idea.
Then, provide a bibliography to show where the
borrowed material originated.
In fact, listing your sources shows your

audience that you are an informed, wellresearched writer!
How to Cite Direct Quotations
Provide a bibliographic entry to show where the

borrowed material originated.
Park, Beth L. Understanding Ayn Rands Anthem. Lebo

University Press: Pittsburgh, PA, 2008.
Carefully mark the beginning and end of the

sources words or idea.
Use a lead-in to introduce the source
Use quotation marks to surround the words of the source
Provide the page number (or another citation) after the
closing quotation marks.
EXAMPLE:
According to literary critic Beth L. Parks, Equality 7-2521 finds

peace through his search for the height of his own potential
(24).
How to Cite Paraphrases
Provide a bibliographic entry to show where the borrowed

material originated.
Park, Beth L. Understanding Ayn Rands Anthem. Lebo University

Press: Pittsburgh, PA, 2008.
Carefully mark the beginning and end of the sources material.

Use a lead-in to introduce the source
Put the sources original words into your own words:
It isnt just about using synonyms to replace words.

You must change the syntax, sentence structure, & organization of the
original.
If you find yourself just changing a word here or there, ask yourself if a
direct quotation would work. If it would work, then use a direct quotation.)
Provide the page number (or another citation) after the closing
quotation marks.
EXAMPLE:
According to literary critic Beth L. Parks, Equality 7-2521 separates

himself from the society by striving to improve the world around him
(24).
It can be said in a bunch of different

ways
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But, they all mean the same thing

Provide a clear indication
of any words or ideas
that are not your own.
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Can you identify plagiarism

when you see it?
Try the following four examples. On

each you will see the source material
and the students usage of that
material.
Use the buttons at the bottom of the
screen to choose if the example
shows acceptable use or plagiarism.
Acceptable Use or Plagiarism?

Example 1
Original source text:

In 1990, voters in Pennsylvania
were disposed to believe that
the Republican nominee,
Barbara Hafer, opposed abortion
rights, and that the incumbent
Democratic governor, Robert
Casey, favored a right to
abortion: the reverse was true.
In general, Democrats are more
likely to be pro-choice and
Republicans pro-life, but not in
this case. A good rule is in
general doesnt necessarily
apply to this specific.
Students Text:
Voters in Pennsylvania believed that the Republican nominee,
Barbara Hafer, opposed abortion rights, but the Democratic
governor, Robert Casey, favored a right to abortion. But the
reverse was true, even though Democrats are more likely to be
pro-choice. In general doesnt apply to this specific.
Students Bibliography:
No references given.
Brooks Jackson and Kathleen

Hall Jamieson. Unspun: Finding
Facts in a World of
Disinformation. (73)
CHOOSE ONE:
Acceptable Use
Plagiarism

Click here to
You said that the example showed

Acceptable Use
Use the arrow

at the
bottom of this
You are
incorrect.
screen to return to the example.
Reread the example and see if you
can determine why it is plagiarism.

Plagiarism
You are correct!
The paraphrase was inadequate and the

student did not give credit to the source
of the idea by having a citation.
To adequately paraphrase, the student
must change the words and the
sentence structure.

Example 2
Students Text:
Original source:
In 1954, Albert Hastorf and Hadley
Cantril published a classic study
about how a Princeton and Dartmouth
football fans saw a penalty-ridden
game in which the Princeton
quarterback was taken off the field
with a broken nose and a mild
concussion and a Dartmouth player
later suffered a broken leg. They
found that 86 percent of the
Princeton students said that
Dartmouth started the rough play, but
only 36 percent of the Dartmouth
students saw it that way.
Brooks Jackson and Kathleen Hall
Jamieson. Unspun: Finding Facts in a
World of Disinformation. New York:
Random House Trade Paperbacks,
2007. (74)
Psychologists investigated how fans

interpreted a violent game between
Princeton and Dartmouth and found that,
although a Dartmouth player was the
seriously injured only after a Princeton
player was, the majority of Dartmouth fans
believed Princeton started the roughness.
Jamieson. Unspun: Finding Facts in a
World of Disinformation. New York:
Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2007.
CHOOSE ONE:
Acceptable Use
Plagiarism

Click here to

Acceptable Use
You are incorrect!
Use the arrow at the bottom of this

can determine why it is plagiarism.

Plagiarism
You
are
correct!
This example is plagiarism because the
student neglected to include a parenthetical

reference in the text of the paper.
She correctly marks the opening boundary of the
paraphrase with her phrase Psychologists
investigated
However, she does not provide the closing
boundary by giving a parenthetical reference to
the source material: started the roughness
(Brooks, 74).

Original text from
the source:
Robert Levine, a psychology
professor at California State
University, Fresno, tried different
pitches during a campus bake
sale. Asking Would you like to
buy a cookie? resulted in
purchases by only two out of
thirty passersby. But his
researchers sold six times as
many cookies when they asked,
Would you like to buy a cookie?
Its for a good cause. And none
even bothered to ask what the
good cause was.
Jamieson. Unspun: Finding Facts
in a World of Disinformation. New
York: Random House Trade
Paperbacks, 2007. (80)
Example 3
Students Text:
A psychology professor in California researched the

theory that if people were provided a reason to do
something, they would be more likely to do it. At a
bake sale, he tried to sell cookies by asking Would
you like to buy a cookie? and later asked Would you
like to buy a cookie? Its for a good cause. When he
provided a reason for the sale, people were six times
more like to buy a cookie even though they didnt
know what cause was benefitting (80).
Brooks Jackson and Kathleen Hall Jamieson.

Unspun: Finding Facts in a World of
Disinformation. New York: Random House
Trade Paperbacks, 2007.
CHOOSE ONE:
Acceptable Use
Plagiarism

Click here to

Acceptable Use
The student
paraphrases
Youadequately
are correct!
by changing the words and the
syntax. He provides the source in
his bibliography.

Plagiarism
Use the arrow

at the
bottom of this
You are
incorrect!
can determine why it is fair use.
So, to review
Plagiarism is a serious offense. Not

only does it carry heavy penalties,
but your integrity is damaged when
you plagiarize.
Plagiarism is easily avoidablejust
cite the sources when you use the
words or ideas of another person.
If you have any questions, see your
teacher or school librarian!
Final Directions:
Your teacher has a written quiz for you to

take on the subject of plagiarism.
Your teacher also has a honor code sheet.
You will sign it in order to verify that you
have receive this training.
You will then have your parent sign the
honor code.
Your English teacher will collect these
signed forms.
Sources Consulted
DeSena, Laura Hennessey. Preventing Plagiarism:
Tips and Techniques. National Council of
Teachers of English: Urbana, IL, 2007.
Harris, Robert A. The Plagiarism Handbook:
Strategies for Preventing, Detecting, and Dealing
with Plagiarism. Pyrczak Publishing: Los Angeles,
2001.
Valenza, Joyce Kasman. What is Plagiarism? (And
Why You Should Care). Springfield High School
Media Center Information Literacy Lessons.
Springfield School District.

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Using Sources in your Work:

A Tutorial on Avoiding Plagiarism

Agenda for This Tutorial

Pretest your knowledge of plagiarism by

What plagiarism is and how one can avoid it

Take a quiz to verify your understanding.

Pledge that you will avoid plagiarism.

You know this

Sure you do. Teachers have been

You must choose from the blue

You must choose from the blue

You must choose from the blue

You must choose from the blue

You must choose from the blue

How did you do?

Robert A. Harris, author of The Plagiarism Handbook, states that

The following actions are clearly

Downloading and submitting a free

Harris continues his description by explaining that

The actions below are also plagiarism,

Inadequate paraphrasing, such as merely

Using anothers ideas, facts, or artistic products

Wait, theres more

These are also plagiarism:

Cutting and pasting to create a paper from

Paraphrasing without attribution

Summarizing without attribution

So, what is the benefit

Four good reasons for citing

Four good reasons for citing

Four good reasons for citing

Four good reasons for citing

there are reasons to not plagiarize.

So, what am I supposed

Well, first of all,

They are excuses for cheating.

And it isnt hard to avoid plagiarism!

What do I need to cite?

This chart will

Do not cite it.

Sothe rule is:

If you did not

Do not cite it.

The one exception to

Do not cite it.

So, you dont need to cite a fact,

And, you must cite anytime you use the exact

So, you dont need to cite a fact,

but you must cite the source of opinions

And, you must cite anytime you use the exact

So, lets check to see that you

Cite the source.

This means he will:

Do not cite the

This means that the information is a

You must choose one of the

You are incorrect.

of quote the information because it is

You are correct!

of quote the information because it is

Not cite the source.

This means she will:

This means that the information is generally