DIAPHRAGM WALLS

DIAPHRAGM WALLS

Diaphragm walls are underground structural elements commonly

used for retention systems and permanent foundation walls.

Diaphragm walls provide a water tight barrier and are

constructed with a minimum back slope subsidence.

They are formed from reinforced concrete and are constructed as

normal cast-in-place walls with support, which become part of
the main structure.

They can also be used as deep groundwater barriers.

SLURRY TRENCH METHOD

The slurry trench method involves the excavation of alternating

panels along the proposed wall, using bentonite slurry to
prevent the sides of the excavation from collapsing.

The slurry trench technique was developed in Europe and has

been used in the United States since the 1940's.

The technique involves excavating a narrow trench that is kept

full of an engineered fluid or slurry.

The slurry exerts hydraulic pressure against the trench walls and
acts as shoring to prevent collapse.

Slurry trench excavations can be constructed in all types of soil,

even below the ground water table.

BASEMENT TOP-DOWN
CONSTRUCTION USING DIAPHRAGM
WALLS

PROCEDURE

The panel dimensions 50 to 100 cm thick and up to 7m height,

extending to the excavation bottom.

The installation starts with the construction of shallow concrete

or steel guide walls.

The excavation is then made using special equipment, such as the

thin-grab clamshell.

Bentonite slurry is then pumped into the trench to provide

temporary support and a prefabricated reinforcing cage is
lowered in.

The bentonite slurry is then replaced by concrete and the

sequence proceeds onto the next panel.

GRAB USED FOR EXCAVATION

DIAPHRAGM WALLS

Diaphragm walls of shallow depths are often left unsupported

since they are classed as semi rigid structures.

However for deeper excavations support is required to restrict

lateral deflections.

Diaphragm walls are ideal for soft clays and loose sands
below the water table where there is a need to control lateral
movements.

REINFORCEMENT

DIAPHRAGM WALL REINFORCEMENT

& CONCRETING

FINISHED WALL AFTER EXCAVATION

APPLICATIONS
As permanent and temporary foundation walls for deep
basements.
In earth retention schemes for highway and tunnel projects.
As permanent walls for deep shafts for tunnel access.
As permanent cut-off walls through the core of earth dams.
In congested areas for retention systems and permanent
foundation walls.
Deep ground water barriers through and under dams.

BENEFITS OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS

Can be installed through virtually all soil conditions, to any
plan geometry and to considerable depths.
Can be constructed ahead of time and independent of other site
activities.
Can be constructed in relatively low headroom and in areas of
restricted access walls can be quickly formed several hundred
feet deep and through rock, with good control over geometry
and continuity.

DISADVANTAGES
They are relatively costly.
They are also unsuited to strong soils conditions where
penetration is slow and difficult due to the use of the slurry
trench method.