Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

PSO is a robust stochastic optimization technique based on

the movement and intelligence of swarms.
PSO applies the concept of social interaction to problem
solving.
It was developed in 1995 by James Kennedy (socialpsychologist) and Russell Eberhart (electrical engineer).
It uses a number of agents (particles) that constitute a
swarm moving around in the search space looking for the
best solution.
Each particle is treated as a point in a N-dimensional space
which adjusts its flying according to its own flying
experience as well as the flying experience of other
particles.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the solution
space which are associated with the best solution (fitness)
that has achieved so far by that particle. This value is called
personal best , pbest.
Another best value that is tracked by the PSO is the best
value obtained so far by any particle in the neighborhood of
that particle. This value is called gbest.
The basic concept of PSO lies in accelerating each particle
toward its pbest and the gbest locations, with a random
weighted accelaration at each time step as shown in Fig.1

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

y
sk+1

vk
vk+1

vgbest
vpbest

sk

x
Fig.1 Concept of modification of a searching point by PSO
sk : current searching point.
sk+1: modified
searching point.
vk: current velocity.
vk+1: modified

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Each particle tries to modify its position using the following
information:

the current positions,

the current velocities,

the distance between the current position and pbest,

the distance between the current position and the gbest.

The modification of the particles position can be mathematically

modeled according the following equation :

Vik+1 = wVik +c1 rand1() x (pbesti-sik) + c2 rand2() x (gbest-sik) .. (1)

where,

vik : velocity of agent i at iteration k,

w: weighting function,

between 0 and 1,
iteration k,

cj : weighting factor,
rand : uniformly distributed random number
sik : current position of agent i at
pbesti : pbest of agent i,

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

The following weighting function is usually utilized in (1)
w = wMax-[(wMax-wMin) x iter]/maxIter

(2)

where wMax= initial weight,

wMin = final weight,
maxIter = maximum iteration number,
iter = current iteration number.
sik+1 = sik + Vik+1

(3)

Particle Swarm Optimization

(PSO)
Comments on the Inertial weight factor:
A large inertia weight (w) facilitates a global search while
a small inertia weight facilitates a local search.
By linearly decreasing the inertia weight from a relatively
large value to a small value through the course of the
PSO run gives the best PSO performance compared
with fixed inertia weight settings.

Larger w ----------- greater global search ability

Smaller w ------------ greater local search ability.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Flow chart depicting the General PSO Algorithm:
Start

For each particles position (p)

evaluate fitness
If fitness(p) better than
fitness(pbest) then pbest= p
Set best of pBests as gBest
Update particles velocity (eq. 1) and
position (eq. 3)
Stop: giving gBest, optimal solution.

Loop until max iter

Loop until all

particles exhaust

Initialize particles with random position

and velocity vectors.

Comparison with other evolutionary

computation techniques.
Unlike in genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming and
evolutionary strategies, in PSO, there is no selection operation.

All particles in PSO are kept as members of the population through

the course of the run
PSO is the only algorithm that does not implement the survival of
the fittest.
No crossover operation in PSO.
eq 1(b) resembles mutation in EP.
In EP balance between the global and local search can be adjusted
through the strategy parameter while in PSO the balance is
achieved through the inertial weight factor (w) of eq. 1(a)

Variants of PSO

Discrete PSO can handle discrete binary

variables

MINLP PSO can handle both discrete binary and

continuous variables.
Hybrid PSO. Utilizes basic mechanism of PSO
and the natural selection mechanism, which is usually
utilized by EC methods such as GAs.

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a

Meander-line Polarizer for LICP conversion
Intialization parameters used for PSO:
wMax=0.41
wMin=0.4
(Note:The inertial weight ,w is linearly decreased from wMax to wMin
according the Eq. (2), w is chosen virtually constant in this case for better
local search near the Suns Optimized parameters. )

c1=c2=1.49
maxIter=2000
The above parameters are used in conjuction with eqs.
(1) & (2)
Swarm size/Population size used for solution search : 25

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a

Meander-line Polarizer for LICP conversion
Frequency band of interest: 3.5 to 6.5 (GHz)
(evaluated at 12 frequency points)

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Desired AR <= 0.5 (dB)
Total number of fitness evaluations: 100025
Note: For my implementation of the PSO the number of fiteness evaluations are
calculated as follows: (2 x swarmsize x maxIter)+ swarmsize = (2 x 25 x 2000)+ 25

The following slides include the results for the broadband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 50 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Optimized dimensions for 4-layer

Meander Line Polarizer
Layer

Pitch
Period
Height
(inches) (inches) (inches)
a
b
h

Line Width
(inches)
w1
w2

dielectric Spacer
(inches) (inches)
l i
l
oi

0.3449360

0.7283382

0.2520565

2.2501351E02

1.5984001E02

8.4705018E03

0.5428128

0.3798469

0.8704398

0.4707420

5.3999661E03

9.4296653E03

3.4676325E03

0.4211845

0.3798469

0.8704398

0.4707420

5.3999661E03

9.4296653E03

3.4676325E03

0.5428128

0.3449360

0.7283382

0.2520565

2.2501351E02

1.5984001E02

8.4705018E03

----

Dielectric constants:

i 2.55 0 i 1.15

4 Layers for CP
Metal
Layer

Dielectric
Sheet

Spacer

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a

Meander-line Polarizer for LICP conversion
Frequency bands of interest:
Band1: 3.7 to 4.2 (GHz)
Band2: 5.9 to 6.4 (GHz)
(evaluated at 2 frequency points: 3.95 (GHz), 6.15 (GHz))

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Desired AR <= 0.5 (dB)
Total number of fitness evaluations: 100025
The following slides include the results for the dualband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 50 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Optimized dimensions for 4-layer

Meander Line Polarizer
Layer

Pitch
Period
Height
(inches) (inches) (inches)
a
b
h

Line Width
(inches)
w1
w2

dielectric Spacer
(inches) (inches)
l i
l
oi

0.2528913

0.8081669

0.2480143

4.0456183E02

2.7704202E02

4.1147252E03

0.4533823

0.5425724

0.9529658

0.3433722

5.0358579E02

4.4981677E02

3.9593712E03

0.4482195

0.5425724

0.9529658

0.3433722

5.0358579E02

4.4981677E02

3.9593712E03

0.4533823

0.2528913

0.8081669

0.2480143

4.0456183E02

2.7704202E02

4.1147252E03

----

Dielectric constants:

i 2.55 0 i 1.15

4 Layers for CP
Metal
Layer

Dielectric
Sheet

Spacer

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a

Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation
Intialization parameters used for PSO:
wMax=0.41
wMin=0.4
(Note:The inertial weight ,w is linearly decreased from wMax to wMin
according the Eq. (2), w is chosen virtually constant in this case for better
local search near the Suns Optimized parameters.)

c1=c2=1.3
maxIter=1000
The above parameters are used in conjuction with eqs.
(1) & (2)
Swarm size/Population size used for solution search : 25

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a

Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation
Frequency band of interest: 3.5 to 6.5 (GHz)
(evaluated at 12 frequency points)

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Phase Difference around 180
Total number of fitness evaluations: 50025

The following slides include the results for the broadband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 15 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Phase Difference

Optimized dimensions for 8-layer

Meander Line Polarizer
Layer

Pitch
Period
Height
(inches) (inches) (inches)
a
b
h

Line Width
(inches)
w1
w2

dielectric Spacer
(inches) (inches)
li
l
oi

1, 5

0.3631878

1.020600

0.2148045

2.8606838E02

3.0709708E02

2.1623570E02

0.4550797

2, 6

0.3848170

0.8225765

0.4374999

4.1542474E02

3.4942929E02

4.0660784E02

0.3959468

3, 7

0.3848170

0.8225765

0.4374999

4.1542474E02

3.4942929E02

4.0660784E02

0.4550797

4, 8

0.3631878

1.020600

0.2148045

2.8606838E02

3.0709708E02

2.1623570E02

----

Dielectric constants:

i 2.55 0 i 1.15

8 Layers for LP
Metal
Layer

Dielectric
Sheet

Spacer

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a

Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation
Frequency bands of interest:
Band1: 3.7 to 4.2 (GHz)
Band2: 5.9 to 6.4 (GHz)
(evaluated at 2 frequency points: 3.95 (GHz), 6.15 (GHz))

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Phase Difference around 180
Total number of fitness evaluations: 50025
The following slides include the results for the dualband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 15 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Phase Difference

Optimized dimensions for 8-layer

Meander Line Polarizer
Layer

Pitch
Period
Height
(inches) (inches) (inches)
a
b
h

Line Width
(inches)
w1
w2

dielectric Spacer
(inches) (inches)
li
l
oi

1, 5

0.3150869

1.055596

0.2747569

3.3202391E02

3.2010745E02

2.2299249E02

0.3544725

2, 6

0.4085801

1.164576

0.3565608

6.0811251E02

0.1126298

3.1127717E02

0.3159389

3, 7

0.4085801

1.164576

0.3565608

6.0811251E02

0.1126298

3.1127717E02

0.3544725

4, 8

0.3150869

1.055596

0.2747569

3.3202391E02

3.2010745E02

2.2299249E02

----

Dielectric constants:

i 2.55 0 i 1.15

8 Layers for LP
Metal
Layer

Dielectric
Sheet

Spacer

END