MPU1034

Application of
Statistic in Educational Research

Dr. Norazrena Abu Samah

Office: M39 Wing A
norazrena@utm.my
019-7103903

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Chapter 16: Correlation

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Correlations: Measuring and Describing

Relationships

A correlation is a statistical method

used to measure and describe the
relationship between two variables.
A relationship exists when changes in
one variable tend to be accompanied
by consistent and predictable
changes in the other variable.

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Correlations: Measuring and

Describing Relationships
A correlation typically evaluates
three aspects of the relationship:
the direction
the form
the degree

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Correlations: Measuring and

Describing Relationships
The direction of the relationship is
measured by the sign of the
correlation (+ or -). A positive
correlation means that the two
variables tend to change in the same
direction; as one increases, the other
also tends to increase.

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Correlations: Measuring and

Describing Relationships
The most common form of
relationship is a straight line or linear
relationship which is measured by
the Pearson correlation.

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Correlations: Measuring and

Describing Relationships
The degree of relationship (the
strength or consistency of the
relationship) is measured by the
numerical value of the correlation. A
value of 1.00 indicates a perfect
relationship and a value of zero
indicates no relationship.
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Correlations: Measuring and

Describing Relationships
To compute a correlation you need
two scores, X and Y, for each
individual in the sample.
The Pearson correlation requires that
the scores be numerical values from
an interval or ratio scale of
measurement.

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The Pearson Correlation

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HIPOTESIS

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Reporting
A correlation for the data revealed
that score subject X and score
subject Y were not significantly
related, r=0.86, n=5 , = 0.05 two
tails.

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Chapter 17: Introduction to

Regression

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Introduction to Linear
Regression
The Pearson correlation measures
the degree to which a set of data
points form a straight line
relationship.
Regression is a statistical
procedure that determines the
equation for the straight line that
best fits a specific set of data.
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Introduction to Linear Regression

(cont.)
Any straight line can be represented
by an equation of the form Y = bX +
a, where b and a are constants.
The value of b is called the slope
constant and determines the direction
and degree to which the line is tilted.
The value of a is called the Y-intercept
and determines the point where the
line crosses the Y-axis.
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Introduction to Linear Regression

(cont.)
The equation for the regression line is

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Introduction to Multiple Regression

with Two Predictor Variables (cont.)
For two predictor variables, the general form
of the multiple regression equation is:
= b1X1 + b2X2 + a
The ability of the multiple regression
equation to accurately predict the Y values
is measured by first computing the
proportion of the Y-score variability that is
predicted by the regression equation and
the proportion that is not predicted.
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