Superheating of Steam

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Recognition and Adaptation of Efficient Mode of Heat Transfer

..

Furnace Energy Balance

Enthalpy to be lost by hot gases:

m gas c p , gas Tad TFEGT

Water walls

Economizer
Furnace

Capacity of Flue Gas

Total Thermal Power available with flue gas:

m gas c p , gas Tad Tchimney

Rate of steam production:

m steam

m gas c p , gas Tad Tchimney

hsteam

m mainsteam h3 h2 f m reheatsteam h5 h4

2s
2f

2
1

Paths of Steam and Gas

Drum

Water walls

Economizer

Thermal Structure of A Boiler Furnace

drum
SH

Platen SHTR

DPNL

R
H
T
R

screen
tubes

LTSH

Economiser

stack

BCW
pump
Furnace

APH
Bottom ash

ESP

ID Fan

Convective Superheater (Pendant)

Convective super heaters are vertical type (Pendant ) or horizontal

types.
The Pendant SH is always arranged in the horizontal crossover duct.
Pendant SH tubes are widely spaced due to high temperature and ash
is soft.
Transverse pitch : S1/d > 4.5
Longitudinal pitch : S2/d > 3.5.
The outside tube diameter : 32 51mm
Tube thickness : 3 7mm

S1
S2

Convective Superheater (Horizontal)

The horizontal SH are located in the back pass.

The tubes are arranged in the in-line configuration.
The outer diameter of the tube is 32 51 mm.
The tube thickness of the tube is 3 7 mm.
The transverse pitch : S1/d = 2 3.
The longitudinal pitch :S2/d = 1.6 2.5.
The tubes are arranged in multiple parallel sets.
The desired velocity depends on the type of SH and operating steam
pressures.
The outside tube diameter : 32 51mm
Tube thickness : 3 7mm

S1

S2

Thermal Balance in Convective SH.

The energy absorbed by steam

Q abs ,con m steam (hsup,out hsup,in )

The convective heat lost by flue gas Q con ,loss FKASH T

Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer, K

1 as

h g as

1
me sc
me sc hs

Mean Temperature Difference

The average temperature difference for parallel flow and counter flow
is expressed as

Tmax Tmin
T
Tmax
ln
Tmin

It is also called log mean temperature difference

When tmax /tmin > 1.7, the average temperature may be expressed as:

Tmax Tmin
T
2

Generally, the flow direction of the flue gas is perpendicular to the axes of tubes.
If number of bends are more than four, the flow can be treated as counter or parallel
flow.

S1

Inline

S2

S1
Staggered

S2

Effectiveness Factor

The ratio of the heat transfer between fouled and clean tubes.

Ko

K k O

1
1
1

hg
hs

Thermal Balance in Super Heater.

The energy absorbed by steam

Q abs ,con m steam (hsup,out hsup,in )

The convective heat lost by flue gas Q con ,loss UASH T

Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer, U

Platen SH, U (W/m2 K)

120 140

Pendent SH, U (W/m2 K)

120 140

Convective SH, U (W/m2 K) 60 80

Reheater

The pressure drop inside reheater tubes has an important adverse effect
on the efficiency of turbine.
Pressure drop through the reheater should be kept as low as possible.
The tube diameter : 42 60mm.
The design is similar to convective superheaters.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient : 90 110 W/m2 K.