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Hyperkalemia and

Hypokalemia

Potassium Balance
Potassium Excretion:

- 80% Excreted via kidneys.


* Na delivery and urine flow in the
distal and collecting tubules favor
excretion.
* Aldosterone directly stimulates the
kidney to excrete K
* Hyperkalemia increases aldosterone,
which increases K excretion.
- 15% Excreted via GI Tract (increases in
RF)
- 5 % Excreted through sweat

Hypokalemia EKG Changes

Increased amplitude and width of the P wave


Prolongation of the PR interval
T wave flattening and inversion
ST depression
Prominent U waves (best seen in the precordial leads)
Apparent) long QT interval due to fusion of the T and U waves (= long QU interval)

Koreksi Kalium
K : 2,6 3,5 Koreksi dengan Aspar K atau KSR 1 tab/ 6

jam.
K : 2,5 Koreksi dengan KCI injeksi, diberikan
intravena per Drip atau syringe pump.
Koreksi : (4,5 X) x 0,4 x BB = ...... mEq/L
Kecepatan koreksi : 10 mEq/jam, target K : 3,5 mEq/L.
Setengah () dari kebutuhan kalium diberikan
dalam 12 jam pertama, berikutnya sisanya dipenuhi
dalam 24 jam berikutnya.
Kebutuhan maintenance harian : 2mEq/kgBB/24jam
Pemantauan kadar K dilakukan tiap 6 jam.
Sediaan : 7, 46% KCL @ 25 ml, Komposisi K : 25
mEq/25 ml, Cl : 25 mEq/25 ml

ABC
O2 44 % (6 L) simple mask
Koreksi kalium (4,5-0,5)x50x0,4= 80 meq
Maintenance 2x50= 100 meq
Total kebutuhan kalium selama 24 jam I =

180 meq

Hyperkalemia - Basics
Less common than hypokalemia,

ussualy implies some degree of RF.


- Diabetics are twice as likely to
develop hyperkalemia than nondiabetics.
Sustained hyperkalemia rarely caused
by excess K intake alone: Kidney very
efficient.
Aldosterone protects against
hyperkalemia by stimulating Renal K
excretion
Pseudohyperkalemia: Artifactual
elevation in sample when serum K

PSEUDOHYPERKALEMIA
Lab findings of falsely elevated serum K
due to K movement out of the cells
during or after a blood draw. Suspect in
an asymptomatic patient with no
apparent cause for K elevation
- Lysis of rbc
- Specimen deterioration (cooling, prolonged
storage)
- wbc, plt
- Drawing blood downstream from a vein into which
K is infusing
- Trauma: forcible expression of blood (milking a
heel stick)
- Exercise: fist clenching with blood draws

Hyperkalemia Clinical
presentation
Related to K role in the membrane potential of

cells: Symptoms worse with acute


development.
- Mild: 5-5.9 mEq/L usually asymptomatic
- Mod: Muscle weakness and paresthesias.
* >6.5 mEq/L Areflexia, muscle paralysis,
respiratory failure.
- Severe: Cardiac manifestations are the most
life threatening of hyperkalemia, but EKG
changes are not a sensitive marker for
the presence of hyperkalemia.
* Bradycardia, A-V disociation, VT, VF may
follow.

Food
1. White Beans

2. Darky leafy greens (spinach)

5. Pumpkin

4. Dried Apricots

7. Salmon

8. Avocadoes

3. Potatoes with skin

6. Plain Yogurt

9. Mushrooms

10. Bananas

Hyperkalemia EKG changes

Manajemen Hiperkalemia
K

< 6 mEq/L, terapi secara konservatif


dengan Diet rendah kalium, diuretik
Furosemide 40-80 mg IV dengan atau
tanpa sodium polytyrene sulfonate
(kayexalate) yang dapat diberikan 20-40
g dalam 100 ml larutan.

Manajemen Hiperkalemia
K 6 mEq/L,

diberikan Inj. Ca Gluconas 10 ml IV


dalam 2-3 menit, bila dalam 5 menit tidak ada
perbaikan EKG dapat diulang 10 menit lagi.
Insulin : D40% 2 Flash + 10 Unit Insulin IV bolus
pelan 10 menit atau dapat juga dalam syring pump
dengan kecepatan 5 cc/menit selama 10 menit.
Sodium bicarbonat/Bicnat/Meylon diberikan 50 mEq
IV selama 10 menit, bila ada Asidosis Metabolik
disesuaikan dengan keadaan asidosis metabolik yang
ada.
-agonist : diberikan Albuterol 10-20 mg dengan NaCl
0,9 % 4cc melalui nebulizer dalam waktu > 10
menit atau dengan 0,5 mg IV
Potassium exchange resin : diberikan sodium
polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) 30-60 g dalam
30 ml sorbitol dan diminum atau 50 g dalam enema

Manajemen Hiperkalemia
Calcium

mekanisme kerja: pada pasien yang bergejala,


untuk efek kardioprotektif, dengan efek
antagonis terhadap K di membran sel
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
mekanisme kerja: menukar Na dengan K di
usus

Manajemen Hiperkalemia
Emergency Management of

Hyperkalaemia in Adults
Treatment of Hyperkalaemic
Cardiac Arrest

Komposisi Elektrolit Cairan


Infus
Na
(mEq/
L)

K
(mE
q/L)

Cl
(mE
q/L)

D1/4
S

38.5

D1/2
S

77

Aseri
ng

130

NaCl
0.9%

154

NaCl
3%

513

RL

130

109

RA

130

112

Lakta Gluk
t
osa
(mm (gr/
ol/L)
L)

38.5

p
H

mOs Aset Ca
Mg
m/L
at
(mm (mm
(mE ol/L) ol/L)
q/L)

4.
4

354

4.
4

406

109

28

154

5.
7

2.7

308

5
28

6.
6

275

68

276

1.4
27

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