Rudders and

Propellers
Rishi
Immanuel
Arief
Piravin
Anmol
Agilan

RUDDER AND PROPELLER

STERN FRAME

Spectacle Frames and

Bossing.
The shaped frames and plating forming the

bossing terminate in a casting known as the

spectacle frame which provides the aftermost
for the shaft.
This system totally encloses the shaft withing
bossing. Thus the wetted surface area of the
hull is increased resulting in greater frictional
resistance, however no struts in open water
thus total resistance is smaller.

Advantages
1) No struts to be damaged
2) Greater protection of the shaft
3) Access to shafts and bearings for a greater

proportion of the length

Cast steel frame

May be cast or fabricated, particular attention

being paid to the strut section to avoid

increase in resistance and cavitation.
The connections to the main hull are of
particular important since considerable
rigidity of the structure is required.

Disadvantages
1. Larger resistance than bossing due to the

various strut each causing eddies thus

increasing resistance.
2. The struts are liable to damage if hit by
floating objects.
3. The propeller shafts themselves are more
liable to damage.
4. Access to the bearings is limited to drydocking.

Rudders

Types of rudder
The main purpose of balancing rudder is to achieve the
reduction in the torque required of the steering gear.
there are 3 types of rudders:
balanced: a portion of the blade area is disposed symmetrically
through the rudder height and fwd of stock
unbalanced: blade is entirely aft of stock
semi-balanced: area fwd of stock does not extend to the full
height of the blade aft of the stock upper portion may be
considered unbalanced and the lower portion, balanced

Balanced Rudder
Axle fitted at its turning axis with large area forward of

the axis (25% to 30 %).

Upper and lower bearings are fitted in the rudder.

The bearing consists of a stainless steel bush in the

rudder and a stainless steel liner on the axle.

The stainless steel bush is spirally grooved to permit

lubrication.
Other materials are in use, such as gun metal for liner

and lignum vitae or tufnol for the bush.

13
BALANCED
RUDDER

BOLTED
PALM

RUDDER
STOCK

UPPER
BEARING
LIFTING
TUBE

RUDDER
AXLE

VERTICAL
WEB
HORIZONTAL
WEB

LOWER
BEARING
DRAIN PLUG

Unbalanced Rudder
Full area aft of the axis.
Fitted with upper, mid and lower arms rested on

gudgeons.

At the bearing pintle fitted with hard steel disc and

locking nut.

The ordinary pintle arranged with bush and locking

nut and the locking pintle at the top part of the

rudder secured by locking nut.

Turn on pintles and have a small portion of

their lateral area forward of the turning

axis (less than 20%).
Commonly fitted on twin screw vessels
where most of it hinged on a body post by
pintles and gudgeons.

RUDDER
STOCK

HORIZONTAL
WEB
LIFTING
TUBE

LOCKING
PINTLE
GUDGEON

VERTICAL
WEB

RUDDER
POST
BEARING PINTLE

DRAIN
PLUG
UNBALANCED RUDDER

Semi-Balanced Rudder
Which are very common

today.
Have less than 20% of the
lateral area forward of the
axis.
Modern shipss use this
design of ruder.

Rudder Pintles
Pintles are found on all 3 types of rudders.
Pintles on which the rudder turns in the

gudgeons have a taper on the radius, and a

bearing length which exceeds the diameter.
They not only act as hinges but also take
lateral loads and transfer them to the frame,
thus reducing the stresses on the stock and
coupling.

Locking pintles are designed to prevent the

rudder lifting.
Bearing pintles take part of the rudders
weight

Bearing Pintle

Locking Pintle

Ordinary Pintle

The Propeller

Propellers
Propellers may have from 3 to 6 similar

blades depending on the design

requirements.
It is important that the propeller is
adequately immersed at service drafts
and that there are good clearance
between its working diameter and the
surrounding hull structure.

Types of Propellers:
Fixed Pitch Propeller
Controllable Pitch Propeller

Fixed Pitch Propeller

The blades in fixed pitch propeller are

permanently attached to the hub. The fixed

pitch type propellers are casted and the
position of the blades and hence the position
of the pitch is permanently fixed and cannot
be changed during the operation.

Controllable Pitch
Propeller
In Controlled Pitch type propeller, it is possible

to alter the pitch by rotating the blade about

its vertical axis by means of mechanical and
hydraulic arrangement.
This helps in driving the propulsion machinery
at constant load with no reversing mechanism
required as the pitch can be altered to match
the required operating condition.

Factors to be considered when

designing a propeller
Shaft revolutions. Apart from the direct

influence on propeller efficiency the choice

of shaft RPM depends upon the gearing
available, critical whirling speeds of shafts
and avoidance of the fundamental
frequencies of hull vibrations.
Number of blades which influence
vibration and cavitations.
The wake in which the propeller is to
operate.

Propeller diameter and hence clearance

between propeller tips and the hull which

has a marked effect on vibration.
Blade area. The greater the blade area for
a given thrust the less likely is cavitation.
Boss diameter. Dictated mainly by
strength considerations
Geometry of the blades, e.g. pitch, camber

Propeller cavitation
Cavitation occurs on propellers (or

rudders) that are heavily loaded, or are

experiencing a high thrust loading
coefficient.

Propeller Polishing

Stern Tube
Fitted to provide a bearing for the Tail End

Shaft and so to enable a watertight gland to

be fitted at its an accessible position.
Withdrawal of the tail end shaft is necessary
every three years(four years for ships with two
or more screws) if fitted wit continuous liners
or oil glands, in all other case every two years.

Titanic now and then

Thank you and have a good day!