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Signal:
The desired part containing the
information.
Noise:
The undesired part
Phase spectrum,
Power spectral density,
Bandwidth
..
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Periodic Waveforms
Definition
A waveform w(t) is periodic with period T0 if,
w(t) = w(t + T0) for all t
where T0 is the smallest positive number that satisfies this relationship
where T0 is the period of the waveform and a is an arbitrary real constant, which
may be taken to be zero.
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DC Value
Definition: The DC (direct current) value of a
waveform w(t) is given by its time average, w(t). Thus,
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Power
Definition.
Let v(t) denote the voltage across a set of circuit terminals,
and let i(t) denote the current into the terminal, as shown .
The instantaneous power (incremental work divided by
incremental time) associated with the circuit is given by:
p(t) = v(t)i(t)
the instantaneous power flows into the circuit when p(t) is
positive and flows out of the circuit when p(t) is negative.
Evaluation of DC Value
A 120V , 60 Hz fluorescent lamp wired in a high power factor configuration.
Assume the voltage and current are both sinusoids and in phase ( unity power
factor)
Voltage
T0
T0 / 2
T0 / 2
V cos 0t dt 0
Where,
0 2 / T0 , and
Current
Instantenous Power
f 0 1/ T0 60 Hz
Similarly, I DC 0
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p(t) = v(t)i(t)
Evaluation of Power
The instantaneous power is:
1 / 2 VI 1 2 cos 0t
The Average power is:
P 1/ 2 VI 1 2 cos 0t
VI
2T0
T0
T 0
1 2 cos 0t dt
VI
2
The Maximum power is:
Pmax=VI
Maximum
Power
Average
Power
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RMS Value
Definition: The
Wrms
V cos( ot )
V
2
Theorem:
If a load is resistive (i.e., with unity power factor), the average
power is:
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Normalized Power
In the concept of Normalized Power, R is assumed to be 1,
although it may be another value in the actual circuit.
Another way of expressing this concept is to say that the
power is given on a per-ohm basis.
It can also be realized that the square root of the normalized
power is the rms value.
Definition. The average normalized power is given as follows,
Where w(t) is the voltage or current waveform
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Decibel
A base 10 logarithmic measure of power ratios.
The ratio of the power level at the output of a circuit
compared with that at the input is often specified by
the decibel gain instead of the actual ratio.
Decibel measure can be defined in 3 ways
Decibel Gain
Decibel signal-to-noise ratio
Mill watt Decibel or dBm
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Decibel Gain
or
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Phasors
Definition: A complex number c is said to be a phasor if it is
used to represent a sinusoidal waveform. That is,
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