SESSION-21- PART-A

EARLY TEMPLES OF PALLAVA - CHALUKYAN PERIOD

DEVELOPMENT OF THE HINDU TEMPLE

BY
CHRISTOPHER ABHILASH
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE LECTURE, SEM-III
KMEA-COA- OCTOBER 14,2015

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

PALLAVA CHALUKYAN TEMPLES

LATER PERIOD

THE PALLAVA KINGDOM

THE CHALUKYA KINGDOM

The kingdoms of the south- Dravida / Tamilaham Regions600-1200 AD

TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR ARTICULATION

PALLAVA STRUCTURAL
TEMPLE EXPERIMENTS

ADAPTATION OF DHRMARAJA PROTOTYPESHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAM-*

The shore temple- plan

Walled precinct

East
Sea

The Shore temple- section

Rectangular
Main shrineShiva

Mandapa Single
storey

West
Land

Square
Rectangular
Subsidary
Subsidary
Shrine- Vishnu Shrine- Shiva

Four storey
vimana

Three storey
vimana

SHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAMEXTERIOR ARTICULATION-*

Eight sided Dolmen
top
Polished basalt
finial

Stone parapets
Roaring lion motif
on pillars and
pilasters
System of channels
and drains used to
partially flood the
courtyard

SHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAMINTERIOR ARTICULATION-*

Sculpted interior
walls

Sculpted exterior
wall

The pallava craftsmen concentrated all their sculptural skills on the

shape of the vimana alone and thus other functional elements of the
temple were treated as mere ancilliaries

CHALUKYAN STRUCTURAL
TEMPLE EXPERIMENTS

INTEGRATED TEMPLE PLANNING CONCEPTSPAPANATHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKKAL-*

Plan of Papanatha temple

Pradakshina Pradakshina

Massing of the temple

Slender mass of the

shikhara

Garbha-Griha Wide Mandapa

Balconies
Narrow Antrala

Entrance porch

Massive horizontal
massing of the base

PAPANATHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKKALEXTERIOR ARTICULTION NAGARA STYLE

Shikhara

Rounded mouldings
Pillared Balcony
High plinth

PAPANATHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKKALINTERIOR ARTICULATION- *

Bas relief on
columns
Skylights in the
Mandapa

In the absence of all sensory stimuli, the intuitive faculties overtake

conditioned learning , allowing for an intimate one- to one dialogue
with the deity.

INTEGRATED TEMPLE PLANNING CONCEPTSVIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKKAL-*

Plan of Virupaksha
temple
A more convincing
spatial linkup between
mandapa and garbha
griha
Mandapa Garbha Griha

Portico without
pillar

Walls of the
Mandapa

Narrow Antrala

Equitable balance between the upper

and lower parts of the temple
Vimana inspired by the
Dharmaraja Prototype

Massive horizontal
rectangular massing
of the base

Richly sculpted
barell vaulting

VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKKALEXTERIOR ARTICULTION DRAVIDIAN STYLE-

Dolmen top with

Kalasa
Sculpted barell
vault projection
Dravida
style
vimana over the
garbha griha
Entrance porticoes
leading to the
mandapa
High moulded
Adisthana

SESSION-21- PART-B
NORTH - CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HINDU TEMPLE

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

PALLAVA CHALUKYAN TEMPLES

LATER PERIOD

THE HARSHA KINGDOM

THE 7TH CENTURY KINGDOMS CENTRAL AND NORTHERN INDIA

The kingdoms of the central and northern after the decline of the
Harsha Empire

TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR ARTICULATION

THE EARLY NORTH CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES

BUDDHIST INSPIRED NORTH - CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES-

THE TELI-KA- MANDIR, GWALIOR -*

The Teli-Ka- Mandir plan

The
Teli-Kaelevation

Rectangular
Mula
prasada
Intermediat
e
recessions

Barrel
vault topSalaShikhara
Phamsanastepped
pyramidal
roof

Projecting
corners
Intermediat
e
recessions

The Teli-Ka- Mandir the oldest and simplest Pratihara temple

Mandir

NORTH - CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES -

SPATIAL CONFIFURATION HUMANISM IN INDIAN

ARCHITECTURE-*

Vastupurushamandala

Transformation to building
plans

Primary
deity
Minor deity

NORTH - CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES OF THE LATER PERIOD -

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECTING CORNERS -*

General plan of a typical
temple
Garbha
griha

Balcony

Composition of elevations

Kalasa
Amalaka

Antralay
Shikhara
Mandapa
Three
projections
between
cardinal
points

Urushringha

Entrance
steps

Jangha

Chajja

Adisthana
Jagathi

The various components of a later Pratihara temple

NORTH - CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES OF THE

KALAICHURIS

THE INTODUCTION OF THE ARDHA MANDAPA -*

The
elevation
of
Virateshwara Temple

the

Spatial composition of the

plan

Garbhagriha
Antrala
Maha-Mandapa
Ardha -Mandapa

The virateshwara temple at sohagpur represents a further

development in the plan of the north indian temple with the
introduction of the Artha Mandapa

High
PlatformAdisthana

THE LATER NORTH CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES

NORTH - CENTRAL INDIAN TEMPLES OF THE CHANDELAS

THE TEMPLES OF KHAJURAHO-*

Nirandhara type - without

pradakshinapath

Garbha
griha

Sandhara
type
pradakshinapath

Garbha
griha

The plan of Brahma

temple, Khajuraho

The plan of Lakshmana

temple, Khajuraho

with

THE SANDHARA TYPE TEMPLESPANCHAYATNA TYPE

OF LAKSHMANA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO -*

Antaralaya
Garbha
griha

The
projecting
balconies
around the
Garbha
griha and
the
Mandapa
creating a
Cross
Shaped Plan
Primary
shrine

Mandapa
Ardha
Mandapa

The cella, mandapa and the entrance vestibule are parts of a

harmonious whole

Subsidiary
shrine

LAKSHMANA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO

EXTERIOR ARTICULATION-*
Shikhara
( Garbha Griha )

Shikhara( Maha
Mandapa)
Shikhara
(Mandapa)

Sloping chajjas
Balconied
windows

Shikhara
( Ardha
Mandapa)
Splayed walls
with
seating

The cella, mandapa and the entrance vestibule are parts of a

harmonious whole

LAKSHMANA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO

EXTERIOR ARTICULATION-*

Shikharas
(as per heirarchy)

Sunshade
-Chajja
7 parts of the
wall adorned
with erotic art
Horizontal
moulding band
dividing the
Jhanga into 7
partsBandhana

High platform
with ornamenta
mouldingsAdisthana

Lowest commo
platform- Jagth

The cella, mandapa and the entrance vestibule are parts of a

harmonious whole

OTHER TYPICAL EXAMPLES

OF SANDHARA TYPE TEMPLES IN KHAJURAHO -*

Vishvanatha temple

Kandariya
temple

Mahadeva

A comparitive study of the spatial configuration of the Vishwanatha

temple and the Kandariya Mahadev temple

THE SANDHARA TYPE TEMPLESPANCHAYATNA TYPEVISHVANATHA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO - *

View of the Vishvanatha temple, Khajuraho

Fin.
Chris15