Transformer equivalent Circuits or Transformer modeling

On the basis of losses that occur in real transformers, transformer

modeling can be done. The major items to be considered in construction
of such a model are
1. Copper losses (I2R) :

(Resistive heating losses occur in primary

and secondary
windings. Proportional to square
of current in winding.)
2. Eddy current losses :
(Resistive heating losses occur in core.
Proportional
to square of voltage applied.)
3. Hysteresis losses :
(Associated with rearrangement of magnetic
domains in core during each half cycle.
Complex
and nonlinear function of voltage
applied.)
4. Leakage flux :
(Flux which escape the core and pass through
only one of transformer winding.
These escaped
fluxes produce a self
inductance in primary and
secondary coils.)
1

Transformer equivalent Circuits or Transformer modeling

Two models for transformers
1.
2.

Transformer Exact equivalent Circuit

Transformer approximate equivalent Circuit

1.Transformer Exact equivalent Circuit

Accurate model but complex to analyze. All major imperfections in real
transformers are taken into account. Following effects are considered
Copper losses
Leakage flux
Core Excitation effects
2.Transformer Approximate equivalent Circuit
More practical and simplified model without causing any serious error.All major
imperfections in real transformers taken into account but neglecting
excitation effects which makes analysis more easy. Following effects are
considered
Copper losses
Leakage flux
2

Transformer Exact equivalent Circuit

Vp(t)

NP

NS

VS(t)

R
RPP Copper losses in primary winding
RRS
S Copper losses in secondary winding

X
XPP Leakage flux in primary winding
XXS
Leakage flux in secondary winding
S
R
RCC Core losses due to hysteresis and Eddy current
XXM
M Core loss due to Magnetization current
3

Transformer approximate equivalent Circuit

RP

XP

RS

XS

Vp(t)

RC

XM

NP

NS

VS(t)

RP Copper losses in primary winding

RS Copper losses in secondary winding
XP Leakage flux in primary winding
XS Leakage flux in secondary winding
RC Core losses due to hysteresis and Eddy current
XM Core loss due to Magnetization current

In common applications,
the excitation branch
may be neglected
without causing serious
error, giving approximate
equivalent model.

Transformer modeling:
Impedance transformation through a transformer:
Although previous figs represent accurate modeling. But these aren't very
useful one in analyzing practical engineering applications containing
transformers.
So normally necessary to convert entire circuit at a single voltage level.
Therefore, transformer equivalent circuit must be referred either to its primary
side or to its secondary side in problem solutions.
This generates an idea about the impedance transformation through a transformer.
Since transformer changes voltage and current levels, it changes the ratio b/w voltage
and current and hence the apparent impedance of an element.

Transformer modeling:
Impedance transformation through a transformer:
IP

IS

+
Z = V
I
L

Vp(t)

NS

NP

VS(t)

Impedance of load

Z =V
I
L

As

Apparent Impedance of primary

circuit of transformer

Z = V
I
L

ZL

V = aV
P

&

I
I =
a

aV
V
Z '=
= a^2
I a
I
S