HEAT ENGINE

Margono.s@istn.ac.id
Abim_2605@yahoo.com
0816772130

Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1

M
Q2

Cold Body
(absorbs heat)

Carnot Cycle
Hot Reservoir
T1
Q1

Q2

Cold Reservoir

T2

SIKLUS CARNOT

isothermal
expansion

adiabatic
compression

adiabatic
expansion

isothermal
compression

Carnot Cycle
Pressure
a

nRT1
P=
V

Q1
b

Q=0
nRT2
P=
V

T1
Q=0

d
Q2

P=

const .
V

c T2
Volume

Carnot Cycle
Pressure
a

nRT1
P=
V

Q1
b

Q=0
nRT2
P=
V

d
Q2

T1
Q=0

P=

const .
V

c T2
Volume

Theoretical Otto Cycle

ConstantVolume
Heat
Input

Adiabatic
Expansion
Adiabatic
Compression

Exhaust
Intake

Blow
Down

Real and Idealized Cycle

Note: Compression ratio yang tinggi akan berakibat pada suhu kompresi yang tinggi juga. Pada
motor bensin, jika suhu ini mengakibatkan AUTOIGNITION dan menghasilkan noise yang
disebut KNOCKING. Efisiensi termal motor bensin aktual 25 - 30 %.

SIKLUS DIESEL
(qin qout) + (wb) = u
Qin = h3 h2 = Cp(T3 T2)
Qout = u4 u1 = Cv(T4 T1)

Note: Eff. Thermal Motor bensin > diesel the same compression ratio.
Efisiensi termal motor diesel aktual 35- 40 %.

VC
Gasket

Combustion
Chamber
TDC

VS

Piston
Stroke
Cylinder

BDC

Connecting
Rod

Bore

Crank Radius

Crank Shaft

Stroke
Crank Radius (crank throw)

12

Compression ratio (r)

Volume above piston at BDC
r
Volume above piston at TDC

VC VS
r
VC
VS
r 1
VC
VC = Clearance volume
VS = Swept volume = /4 D2 L
where: L (stroke) = 2 , is the crankshaft radius
- Increasing the compression ration increases the thermal
efficiency, compression is limited by the knock limit.

13

Engine Displacement, Swept Volume

or Engine Capacity (Ve):
TDC
Stroke

VS

VS

VS

VS
BDC

Bore

Ve = VS n
Ve = (/4) D2 L n
Where:
Ve = engine capacity, Vs = cylinder swept volume
n = number of cylinders, L = stroke, D = bore diameter

14

Engine Mechanical Efficiency m

P b = Pi - P f
Where:
Pi = indicated power
Pb= brake power
Pf = friction power
m = P b / P i

15

Volume langkah dan Ruang Rugi

Displacement
Volume

Clearance
Volume

Reciprocating Engines
The basic components of a reciprocating
engine are shown to the right
Top Dead Center (TDC)
The position of the piston when it forms
the smallest volume in the cylinder
Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
The position of the piston when it forms
the largest volume in the cylinder

Stroke

The distance between the TDC

and BDC
The largest distance the piston
can travel in one direction

Bore

The diameter of the piston

Intake Valve
Where the air or air-fuel mixture
is drawn into the cylinder
Exhaust Valve
Where the combustion products
are expelled from the cylinder

Clearance Volume
The minimum volume formed in the
cylinder, i.e., when the piston is at the
TDC
Displacement Volume
The volume displaced by the piston
as it moves between the TDC and
BDC

Internal Combustion Engine

d
a

Comparison of Otto and Diesel Cycles

Work per cycle

= Area inside
combustion

Q=0
Q=0

Perbedaan kalor Input Otto dan Diesel

Compression Ration (r)

The ratio of the maximum
volume formed in the
cylinder to the minimum
volume

Vmax VBDC
r

Vmin VTDC
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
A fictitious pressure that, if it acted
on the piston during the entire
power stoke, would produce the
same amount of net work as that
produced during the actual cycle

Wnet MEP Piston Area Stoke

MEP Displacement Volume

Reciprocating Engine Theory Of Operation

Two-Stroke

Two-Stroke Cycle
Engine in Action

Four Stroke Cycles

Examples of
Various MultiCylinder
Engines

Opposing Four
Cylinder
Engine or
Boxer Engine

Inline Four Cylinder

Engine

V- 6 Engine

Rotary Engine

Rotary Engine

Examples of Uses of Rotary Engines

Datsun 280Z

Mazda RX-8