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Lecture 02:
Programming Fundamentals:2014
Lecture 13
Functions
Asif Nawaz
PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology
Lecture 02:
User Defined Function
Asif Nawaz
Lecture 02:
A user-defined function consists of

the following:
Function Declaration may also be called as
Function Prototype
Function Definition
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Lecture 02:
Function
Declaration/Prototype
Function
prototype
provides
information to the compiler about the
structure of the function to be used
in a program.
Rules:
Usually placed at the beginning of source
file just before the main() function.
Must be ends with a semicolon.
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Lecture 02:
Function
Declaration/Prototype
Function Declaration consists of the

following parts.
Function Name
Function Return Type.
Number and Types of Parameters.
Where:
Return Type indicate the type of value that will be returned
by function.
Parameters are the values that are provided to a function
when the function is called.
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Lecture 02:
Example
The following function show that the
function show accept no parameter and
no return type.
void show(void);
function sum accept integer parameter
and integer return type.
int sum(int);
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Lecture 02:
Example
function add accept three integer
parameter and integer return type.
int add(int a, int b, int c);
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Lecture 02:
Function Definition
A set of statements that explains
what a function does is called
function definition.
Rules:
Usually placed after the main() function.
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Lecture 02:
Function Dfinition
The function definition consists of two
parts.
Function Header:
First line of function definition.
Similar to function prototype but with no semicolon.
Number of parameters and return type will be same
as prototype.
Function Body:
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The set of statements which are executed inside

function.
The body will always appear after function declarator
and statements are written in curly braces.
Lecture 02:
Syntax Function Definition

Return-Type Function-Name(Parameter)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
.
.
.
Statement N;
Function
Header
Function
Body
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10
Lecture 02:
Function Call
The statement that activates a
function is known as function call.
A function is called with its name and
parameter list.
When Function is called then:
The control moves to the function that is called.
All statements in the function body are executed.
The control returns back to the calling function.
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11
Lecture 02:
Calling
Function
Function
Calls
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main( )
{
.
.
Fun( );
.
.
Fun( );
}
Called Function
void Fun( )
{
..
..
}
12
Lecture 02:
Write a program that display a

message
Programming is an
Interesting Field on screen by using
function.
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13
Lecture 02:
void show(void);
main()
{
show();
getch();
}
void show(void)
{
cout<<Programming is an interesting field;
}
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14
Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that add two integer
numbers. the numbers should to the
function as argument.
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15
Lecture 02:
void sum(int , int );

main()
{
sum(10, 15);
cout<<"Ok";
getch();
}
void sum(int x, int y)
{
int s = x + y;
cout<<"Sum is = "<<s<<endl;
}
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Lecture 02:
Passing Parameters to a
Function
Two ways to pass values to functions

Parameter:
Pass by value.
Pass by Reference.
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17
Lecture 02:
Pass by Value
A parameter passing mechanism in
which the value of actual parameter
is copied to formal parameter of
called function is known as pass by
value.
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18
Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that input two
integer numbers in main( ) function,
passes these numbers to function.
The function displays the maximum
number.
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19
Lecture 02:
void max(int a,int b );
main()
{
int x, y;
void max(int a, int

b)
cout<<Enter two numbers";
cin>>x>>y;
max(x,y);
getch();
{
if(a>b);
{
cout<<Max number is "<<a<<endl;
else
cout<<Max number is "<<b<<endl;
}
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Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that input a number
in main function and passes numbers
to a function. The function displays
table of that number.
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21
Lecture 02:
void table(int n);

main()
{
int num;
cout<<Enter number for
table";
cin>>num;
table(num);
getch();
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void table(int n)
{
for(int c=0; c<=10; c++)
{
cout<<n<<*<<c<<=<<n*c<<endl;
}
}
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Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that input a number
in main function and passes numbers
to a function. The function displays
factorial of that number.
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Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that input two
numbers and one arithmetic operator
passes from main to function. The
function applies arithmetic operation
on that two numbers based on the
operator enter by the user using
switch statement.
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24
Lecture 02:
void operation(int a, int b,

char ope);
{
int x, y;
char c;
cout<<Enter first number opeartor
and second numbers";
cin>>x>>c>>y;
operation(x,y,c);
getch();
}
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void operation(int a, int b, char ope)

{
switch(ope)
{
case +:
cout<< a<<+<<b<<a+b;
break;
case -:
cout<< a<<-<<b<<a-b;
break;
case *:
cout<< a<<*<<b<<a*b;
break;
.
.
.
default:
cout<<Invalid Operator!;
}
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Lecture 02:
Pass by Refrence
A parameter passing mechanism in
which the value of actual parameter
is passed to the called function is
known as pass by value. The formal
parameter is not created separately
in the main memory.
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26
Lecture 02:
Example
Program to swap values using pass by

reference.
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Lecture 02:
void swap(int &X, int &y);

main()
{
int a,b;
cout<<Enter values;
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<Values before swap:;
cout<<a =<<a<<endl;
cout<<b =<<b<<endl;
swap(a,b);
getch();
cout<<Values after swap:;
cout<<a =<<a<<endl;
cout<<b =<<b<<endl;
Asif Nawaz
getch();
}
void swap(int &x, int &y)
{
int t;
t = x;
x = y;
y = t;
}
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Lecture 02:
Returning Value from a

Function
Write a program that inputs marks in

main function and passes these marks
to a function. The function finds grade
of a student on the bases of following
criteria.
Grade A
80 or Above marks
Grade B
60 to 79 marks
Grade C
40 to 59 marks
Grade Fbelow 40 marks
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Lecture 02:
char grade(int m);

main()
{
int marks;
char g;
cout<<Enter marks;
cin>>marks;
g = grade(marks);
cout<<Your grade is<<g;
getch();
Char grade(int m)
{
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if(m>80)
return A;
else if (m>60)
return B;
else if (m>40)
return C;
else
return F;
}
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Lecture 02:
Write a program that inputs base and

height in main function and passes
them to a function. The function finds
the area of a triangle and return it to
a main function, where it display on
screen.
Area is = (Base * height)
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Lecture 02:
float triangle(int b, int h);

main()
{
int base, height;
float area;
cout<<Enter base;
cin>>base;
cout<<Enter height;
cin>>height;
area = triangle(base, height);
cout<<Area is<<area;
getch();
}
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float area(int b, int h)

{
float a;
a = 0.5 * b * h;
return a;
}
32
Lecture 02:
Write a program that inputs two

integer. It passes one integer to the
function that calculate and return its
square. It passes second integer to
another function that calculate and
return its cube. The main function
add both values and return its result.
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Lecture 02:
int square(int n);

int cube(int n);
main()
{
int a, b, sum;
cout<<Enter first Integer;
cin>>a;
cout<<Enter Second Integer;
cin>>b;
sum = sqr(a) + cube(b);
cout<<Result is<<sum;
getch();
}
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int square(int n)
{
return n * n;
}
int cube(int n)
{
return n * n * n;
}
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Lecture 02:
Scope of Variable
The variables can be declared inside
the main function, inside user
defined function.
The effect of the variables declared
in these places is different.
Based upon their effects, variables
are divided into two classes:
Local Variable
Global Variable
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Lecture 02:
Local Variable
The variable declared inside the main
function or inside user defined
function is called Local Variable.
These variables may also be called
as Automatic Variables.
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Lecture 02:
void sum(int , int );

main()
{
int a = 50;
int b = 60;
s = sum(10, 15);
cout<<Sum is =<<sum;
cout<<"Ok";
getch();
}
Asif Nawaz
void sum(int x, int y)

{
int s = x + y;
return s;
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Lecture 02:
Global Variable
The variable declared outside the
main function or any other user
defined function is called global
Variable. These variables can be
accessed in any function at any time
during the execution of program.
Asif Nawaz
38
Lecture 02:
Example
void fun()
{
g = g * 2;
int g;
}
void fun(void);
main()
{
cout<< Enter a number ;
cin>>g;
cout<<Value of g before function<<g;
fun();
cout<<Value of g after function<<g;
getch();
}
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Lecture 02:
Default Parameter
The parameter that initialize during
function declaration is called default
parameter.
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Lecture 02:
void Test(int n = 100);

main()
{
Test();
Test(2);
Test(75);
getch();
}
void Test(int n)
{
cout<<n= "<<n<<endl;
Output:
100
2
75
}
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Lecture 02:
void add(int v1=5, int v2 = 10);

main()
{
int v3 = v1 + v2;
cout<<The sum of two num =<<v3;
getch();
}
Output:
void Test(int n)
The sum of two num = 15
{
add();
add(1,2);
add(1);
}
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42
Lecture 02:
Functions and Arrays

An array can be passed to a function
as a parameter.
When an array is passed as a
parameter to a function, only the
address of first element of the array
is passed.
An array is passed by reference not
by value.
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void display(int array[]);
43
Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that inputs five
integer in an array and passes the
array to a function. The function
display the value of the array.
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Lecture 02:
void show(int array[]);

main()
{
void show(int array[])

{
int j;
int num[5], i;
cout<<Enter five Integer";
for(int i=0; i<=5; i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<=5; j++)

{
cout<<array[j]<<endl;
cin>>num[i];
}
}
}
show(num);
getch();
}
Asif Nawaz
45
Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that inputs five
integer in an array and passes the
array to a function. The function
counts the even numbers in the
array. And return the result to main
function
where
the
result
is
displayed.
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46
Lecture 02:
int even(int array[]);

main()
{
int num[5], i, n;
cout<<Enter five Integer";
for(int i=0; i<=5; i++)
{
cin>>num[i];
int even(int array[])

{
int j, e;
e = 0;
for(int j=0; j<=5; j++)
}
n = even(num);
if(array[j]%2==0)
{
e++;
}
Cout<<The array
contain<<n<<even number;
getch();
}
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}
}
47
Lecture 02:
Function and Structure

The structures can also be used with
function.
A function can accept structure as
parameter.
A function can also return a structure
variable.
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48
Lecture 02:
Example
Write a program that declares a
structure to store marks and grade. It
defines structure variable and input
values. It passes the variable to a
function that show its contents.
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49
Lecture 02:
void show(Test p);

main()
{
struct Test
{
int marks;
char grade;
};
Test t;
cout<<Enter marks;
cin>>t.marks;
cout<<Enter grade;
cin>>t.grade;
show(t);
getch();
Asif Nawaz
void show(Test p)
{
cout<<Marks<<p.marks<<endl;
cout<<Grade<<p.grade<<endl;
}
50
Lecture 02:
Write a program that declares a

structure to store country name and
population in million. It defines two
structure variable and inputs values.
It passes both variables to a function
that show the record of a country
with more population.
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51
Lecture 02:
void fun(pop x, pop y);

main()
{
struct pop
{
char name;
float people;
};
pop a,b;
void fun(pop x, pop y)

{
cout<<The country with
more population :;
{
if(x.pp>y.pp)
{
cout<<Enter Country Name

& population;
cin>>a.name>>a.people;
cout<<Enter Country Name
& population;
cin>>b.name>>b.people;
cout<<Name<<x.name<<endl;
cout<<Population<<p.population;
else
cout<<Name<<y.name<<endl;
cout<<Population<<y.population;
fun(a,b);
getch();
}
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52
Lecture 02:
Function Overloading
Function with same name but with
different parameters value is called
function overloading.
The function with same name may
be different with one of the following
ways.
Number of parameters
Type of parameter
Sequence of parameter
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53
Lecture 02:
void line();
void line(int n);
void line(int n, char c);
main()
{
struct Test
{
line()
line(3);
line(5, @);
getch();
}
void line();
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
cout<< * <<endl;
}
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void line(n);
{
int i;
for(i=n; i<=10; i++)
{
cout<< * <<endl;
}
void line(int n, char c);

{
int I;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
cout<<c<<endl;
}
54

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Lecture 02:

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

User Defined Function

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

A user-defined function consists of

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

Function Declaration consists of the

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

The set of statements which are executed inside

Syntax Function Definition

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

Write a program that display a

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

void sum(int , int );

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

Two ways to pass values to functions

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

void max(int a,int b );

void max(int a, int

cout<<Enter two numbers";

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

void table(int n);

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

void operation(int a, int b,

void operation(int a, int b, char ope)

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

Program to swap values using pass by

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

void swap(int &X, int &y);

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

Returning Value from a

Write a program that inputs marks in

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

char grade(int m);

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

Write a program that inputs base and

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

float triangle(int b, int h);

float area(int b, int h)

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

Write a program that inputs two

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

int square(int n);

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology

void sum(int , int );

void sum(int x, int y)

PMAS UAAR University Institute of Information Technology