Energy Resources and

Utilization ME436
2016

Lecture 1a : Introduction

Course Description
This is an engineering introduction to renewable energy technologies and
potentials. The course
aims to introduce a general engineering/science audience to the basic
concepts of renewable
energy. In the interest of time some mathematical criteria will be covered,
e.g. Betz limit for
wind, solar geometry etc. Each lecture contains several examples from
real world applications and in-progress industrial developments.

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Course Objectives
Introduction to types of renewable energy, solar energy, wind energy, ocean
thermal energy, tidal wave and geothermal energy, biomass energy. Fuel cell
and heat pump systems, energy efficiency issues and energy storage.
Potential of using renewable energy resources as supplement of conventional
energy resources. Renewable and non-renewable energies used as hybrid
energy stems, Modern renewable energy plants. Wind energy, wind turbine
design specifications, compatible electric generators and major operational
issues of the wind mill for electric power generation. Wind mills design usage
for pumping water. Biomass energy conversion methods, detailed description
of biomass energy conversion plant, operational and maintenance problems
and their remedies. This course will cover following topics:
Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Course Objectives
Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Heat transfer review
Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy, tidal
wave and
geothermal energy, biomass energy
Fuel cells and heat pumps
Energy efficiency issues and energy storage

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Books
Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Second Edition
Godfrey Boyle. Oxford University Press
Renewable Energy Resources
John Twidell and Tony Weir

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Grading Policy
Assignments/Quizzes: 5% / 15%
Class project I: 5 %
Class project II: 5 %
Midterm: 25%
Final Exam: 45%

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Examples (Solar Energy)

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Examples Tidal Energy

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Examples Tidal Energy

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

Examples Wind Energy

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

10

Examples Geothermal Energy

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

11

Examples Wave Energy

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

12

Examples Fuel Cell

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

13

Examples Bio Energy

Bioenergyis renewable energy made available from materials derived
from biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored
sunlight in the form of chemical energy.

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

14

Renewable Energy
Derived principally from the enormous power of Suns Radiation.
Most ancient and the most modern forms of energy used by humanity.
Solar power : Direct and Indirect
Indirect : bioenergy, water, wind energy, geothermal.
Ancient time, they used fire. Energy derived from the photosynthesis, which is solar
driven process.
Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

15

Renewable Energy
But after the realization of the advantages of coal, highly concentrated
source, soon replaced the wood, wind and water in homes.
Today, the foil fuel trio of coal, oil and natural gas provide over 80% of the
worlds energy.
Environmental problems and oil crises.

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

16

Sustainable Energy
Is one that :
Is not substantially depleted by continued use
Does not entail significant pollutant emission or other environmental problems.
Does not involve the perpetuation of substantial health hazards

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

17

Force, Energy and Power

Energy : To do work
Thermal energy (heat), chemical energy, kinetic energy and other forms of
energy.
Energy (J) = force (N) * distance (m), Watt = J/sec
1 KWh = 1000 * J/sec * 3600 sec = 1000*3600 J = 3600 KJ
Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

18

Energy Equivalent
1 tonne of oil equivalent = toe, energy liberated by burning one tonne of
crude oil
1 toe = 11.63megawatt-hours

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

19

Energy Equivalent
1barrel of oil equivalent(boe) contains approximately 0.146 toe (i.e. there are approximately
6.841 boe in a toe).
1 tdiesel= 1.01 toe
1 m3diesel = 0.98 toe
1 t petrol = 1.05 toe
1 m3petrol = 0.86 toe
1 tbiodiesel= 0.86 toe
1 m3biodiesel = 0.78 toe
1 tbioethanol= 0.64 toe
1m3bioethanol = 0.51 toe
1 MWh = 0.086 toe(therefore 1 toe = 11630.0 kWh)[6]
Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

20

Heating value of some common Fuels

Hydrogen
Petrol/gasoline

Diesel fuel

Crude oil

Methanol

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

121 MJ/kg
44-46 MJ/kg
32 MJ/l
45 MJ/kg
39 MJ/l
42-44 MJ/kg
37-39 MJ/l
20 MJ/kg
18 MJ/L
49 MJ/kg

37

81

70-73 g/MJ

59 g/MJ

Natural gas (UK, USA, Australia)

38-39MJ/m3

76

51 g/MJ

Natural gas (Canada)

Natural gas (Russia)
Natural gas as LNG (Australia)

37 MJ/m3
34 MJ/m3
55 MJ/kg

Hard black coal (IEA definition)

>23.9MJ/kg

Hard black coal (Australia & Canada)

c 25.5 MJ/kg

Sub-bituminous coal (IEA definition)

17.4-23.9 MJ/kg

Sub-bituminous coal (Australia &

Canada)

c 18 MJ/kg

Lignite/brown coal (IEA definition)

<17.4 MJ/kg

Lignite/brown coal (Australia,

electricity)

c 10 MJ/kg

25

1.25 kg/kWh

Firewood (dry)
Natural uranium, in LWR (normal
reactor)

16 MJ/kg
500 GJ/kg

42
0

94 g/MJ
0

Natural uranium, in LWR with U & Pu

recycle

650 GJ/kg

Natural uranium, in FNR

Uranium enriched to 3.5%, in LWR

28,000 GJ/kg
3900 GJ/kg

89

67

Lecture 1 : Introduction

90 g/MJ

Energy Resources and

Utilization

21

Barrel to Tonne
1 liter = 0.001 m3, Density of crude oil = 870 Kg/m3 (Texas oil), 1 liter =
0.001 m3 * 870 Kg/m3 = 0.87 Kg
1 barrel [US, petroleum] = 158.9872972 liter

1 Barrel = 158.9872972 * 0.87 = 138.31 kilograms

1 metric tonne = 1000 Kg 1 tonne = 1000/138 = 7.22 barrels
Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

22

KJ/m3 to KJ/Kg
Methane : 50.00 MJ / Kg, 910 Btu/ft3, 21,433 BTU/lb
1Btu =1.05587kJ
1 cubic foot : ft3= 0.02831684659319 m3
Density of methane = 0.656 g/L or kg/m3
1 m3 = 0.656 Kg
1 KJ/m3 = 1 KJ/ 0.656 Kg = 1.524 KJ/Kg
1 BTU/ft3 = 1.05587 KJ/0.02831m3= 37.288 KJ/m 3 = 37.288 * 1.524 KJ/Kg = 56.826912 KJ/Kg
910 Btu/ft3 = 910*56.826912 = 51712.48992 KJ/Kg = 51.7 MJ/Kg
1 BTU / lb = 1.05587 KJ / 0.45359237 Kg = 2.3278 KJ/Kg
21,433 BTU/lb = 21,433 * 2.3278 = 49891.74 KJ/Kg or 49.89 MJ/Kg
Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

23

Assignment # 1 (Due date: Tues Feb 02,

2015)
Q # 1. Make following conversions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

20 tdieselto toe
15.5 m3diesel to toe
1.5 tbiodieselto toe
5.5 m3biodiesel to MWh
1.08 toe to tonne of coal equivalent (tce)

Q # 2. List down the different sources of renewable energies and their

contribution in terms of MWh. Also include bar or pie chart.
Q# 3. convert energies you have listed in Q#2 to their tonne of oil equivalent.
Lecture 1 : Introduction

Energy Resources and

Utilization

24