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05/15/10 du 1
Bisection Method
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Basis of Bisection Method
Theorem An equation f(x)=0, where f(x) is a real continuous
function, has at least one root between xl and xu if
f(xl) f(xf(x)
u) < 0.
x
x
xu
Figure 1 At least one root exists between the two points if the
function is real, continuous, and changes sign.
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Basis of Bisection Method
f(x)
x x
xu
x xu
x x
x xu
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Basis of Bisection Method
f(x)
xu
x
x
f ( x)
Figure 4 If the function changes sign between two points,
more than one root for thef ( x ) equation
=0 may exist
between the two points.
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Algorithm for Bisection
Method
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Step 1
Choose x and xu as two guesses for the root such that f(x)
f(xu) < 0, or in other words, f(x) changes sign between x and
xu. This was demonstrated in Figure 1.
f(x)
x
x
xu
Figure 1
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Step 2
Estimate the root, xm of the equation f (x) = 0 as
the mid point between x and xu as
f(x)
x + xu
xm =
2
x xm
x
xu
Figure 5 Estimate of xm
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Step 3
Now check the following
a) If f ( xl ) f ( xm ) < 0
, then the root lies between x and
xm; then x = x ; xu = xm.
b) If f ( xl ) f ( xm ) > 0
, then the root lies between xm and
xu; then x = xm; xu = xu.
c) If f ( xl ) f ( xm ) = 0
; then the root is xm. Stop the
algorithm if this is true.
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Step 4
Find the new estimate of the root
x + xu
xm =
2
Find the absolute relative approximate error
x new − x old
m
∈a = m
new
×100
x m
where
xmold = previous estimate of root
xmnew = current estimate of root
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Step 5
Compare the absolute relative approximate∈error
a
with the pre-specified error∈stolerance .
Go to Step 2 using
Yes new upper and lower
Is ∈a >∈s ? guesses.
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Example 1 Cont.
Solution
To aid in the
understanding of how
this method works to find
the root of an equation,
the graph of f(x) is shown
to the right,
( x ) = x 3 − 0.165 x 2 + 3.993 ×10- 4
fwhere
Hence
( )( )
f ( xl ) f ( xu ) = f ( 0 ) f ( 0.11) = 3.993 ×10 −4 − 2.662 ×10 −4 < 0
∈a
At this point, the absolute relative approximate error
cannot be calculated as we do not have a previous
approximation.
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Example 1 Cont.
Hence the root is bracketed between x and xm, that is,
between 0.055 and 0.0825. So, the lower and upper limits of
x =bracket
the new 0.055, xare= 0.0825
l u
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Example 1 Cont.
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Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 3 x + xu 0.055 + 0.0825
The estimate of the root xism = = = 0.06875
2 2
f ( xm ) = f ( 0.06875) = ( 0.06875) − 0.165( 0.06875) + 3.993 ×10 −4 = −5.563 ×10 −5
3 2
Hence the root is bracketed between x and xm, that is,
between 0.055 and 0.06875. So, the lower and upper limits of
x = bracket
the new
l = 0.06875
0.055, xare u
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Example 1 Cont.
Iterati
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Table 1 Cont.
Hence the number of significant digits at least correct is given
by the largest value or m for which
∈a ≤ 0.5 ×10 2− m
0.1721 ≤ 0.5 ×10 2− m
0.3442 ≤ 10 2− m
log( 0.3442 ) ≤ 2 − m
m ≤ 2 − log( 0.3442) = 2.463
So
m=2
The number of significant digits at least correct in the
estimated root of 0.06241 at the end of the 10th iteration is 2.
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Advantages
Always convergent
The root bracket gets halved with each
iteration - guaranteed.
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Drawbacks
Slow convergence
If one of the initial guesses is close
to the root, the convergence is
slower
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Drawbacks (continued)
If a function f(x) is such that it just
touches the x-axis it will be unable
to find the lower and upper guesses.
f(x)
f ( x) = x 2
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Drawbacks (continued)
Function changes sign but root does
not exist
1
f(x)
f ( x) =
x
x
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Additional Resources
For all resources on this topic such as digital
audiovisual lectures, primers, textbook chapters,
multiple-choice tests, worksheets in MATLAB,
MATHEMATICA, MathCad and MAPLE, blogs,
related physical problems, please visit
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/topics/bisection
THE END
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