DEM 325

THE
NATURE,
SCOPE,
THE NATURE, SCOPE,
AND
FUNCTION
OF
AND FUNCTION OF

SCHOOL
ADMINISTRATION
SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION
RAMIL P. POLINTAN
Student, Ph.D. EM

Landmark in the history of the

Philippine Educational System
EDUCATION ACT OF 1982
Human Uplift

Social Progress

The act restates the policy of the state

to establish and maintain a complete,
adequate, and integrated system of
education relevant to the goals of
national development, and it delineates
specific provisions relevant to various
concerns of the educational enterprise.

A Challenge to School Administrator

The Education Act of 1982 provides
that every school administrator
shall:

1. Perform his duties to the

school by discharging his
responsibilities in accordance
with the philosophy, goals,
and objectives of the school;

A Challenge to School Administrator

The Education Act of 1982 provides
that every school administrator
shall:

2. be accountable for the

efficient and effective
administration and management
of the school;

A Challenge to School Administrator

The Education Act of 1982 provides
that every school administrator
shall:
3.develop and maintain a school
atmosphere conducive to the
promotion and preservation of
academic freedom and effective
teaching and learning and to
harmonious and progressive schoolpersonnel relationship;

A Challenge to School Administrator

The Education Act of 1982 provides
that every school administrator
shall:
4.assume and maintain professional
behaviour in his work and in his
dealings with students, teachers,
academic non-teaching personnel,
administrative staff, and parents
or guardians;

A Challenge to School Administrator

The Education Act of 1982 provides
that every school administrator
shall:
5.render adequate reports to
teachers, academic non-teaching
personnel, and non-academic staff
on their actual performance and
counsel them on ways to improve
the same;

A Challenge to School Administrator

The Education Act of 1982 provides
that every school administrator
shall:

6. observe due process,

fairness, promptness, privacy,
constructiveness, and
consistency in disciplining
his teachers and other
personnel;

A Challenge to School Administrator

The Education Act of 1982 provides
that every school administrator
shall:

7. maintain adequate records

and submit required reports to
the Department of Education.

Educational Community
Educational community refers
to those persons or group of
persons as such or associated
in institutional involved in
organized teaching and
learning system.

The Nature of School

Administration
AMINISTRATOR
PEOPLE
for the tasks of organization that
1. they know what they are to do,
2. they know how to go at the task
together,
3. they get it done, and
4. they are rewarded for doing it.

Educational Administration
Directly

People

Indirectly

Social Process, in terms of:

Objective,
because it desired end as a
whole is human and social
development.

Educational Administration
Directly

People

Indirectly

Social Process, in terms of:

Content,
because the substance or subject
matter of its decision-making
function involves or affects
people directly or indirectly.

Educational Administration
Directly

People

Indirectly

Social Process, in terms of:

Method,
utilizes procedures, and
techniques which involve or
affect human beings directly
or indirectly.

The Nature of Educational

Administration
Two complementary Views
foundational view
why one behaves
as he does, and it
utilizes established
and emerging
theoretical
frameworks for
analysing the
antecedents,
predictors,

functional view
what one does or
should do as a
school
administrator, and it
focusses on the
tasks and activities
in which one must
be competent if he

Scope and Function of

School Administration
Scope

function

Five Major Functions in

Educational Administration
1. To help community translate the
overall, and somewhat nebulous, goals
(education for all, for example) into
concrete and achievable goal and plans
(for a given school for instance).

Five major Functions in

Educational Administration
2. To direct and supervise the amazingly
complex task of bringing together the
necessary teachers, students, and
support personnel, along with the
required physical plant and educational
equipment and materials, into an
operating unit known as a school.

Five major Functions in

Educational Administration
3. To establish and maintain effective
feedback circuits so that an adequate
evaluation of how are we doing is always
available. This will include research
operations of two kinds: (1) research to
gather data and present an accurate picture
of the operation as is; (2) experimental
research to utilize new facts from the
physical and human sciences along with new
theories of learning in an effort to produce
improved teaching and learning situations.

Five major Functions in

Educational Administration
4.To initiate new structures,
processes, or procedures that become
necessary for goal achievement or for
changing existing goals and purposes.
The necessity for such initiatory
activities and the indication of the
kind needed will be derived from the
aforementioned evaluation.

Five major Functions in

Educational Administration

5.To communicate with the body politic

regarding all phases of the
educational institution. This involves
two-way communication, not a simple
one-group telling another process but
a true and continuous conversation-a
dialectic concerning education.

Broad Functional Areas of

Administration
Policy
is defined as a
statement of
those objectives
that guide the
actions of
substantial
portion of the
total
organization.

Resources

Execution

people, money,
integration
authority, and
and a
materials.
synthesis of
Decisionresources and
making is also policies that
used by the
are
administrator
interrelated
in dealing
to achieve a
with resourcepurposeful
allocation .
organization

Task of School Administrator

Tasks referring to what is expected to
be done by the school administrator in
providing leadership for the improvement
of the school.

1.Instructional program;
2.Staff personnel;
3.Student-personnel;
4.Financial and physical resources;
5.School-community relationships.

Areas of Responsibility
of Administrator

1. Purposing2. Maintaining3. Allocating4. Evaluating-

Function
of the School
EDUCATION ACT OF 1982
School Administrator
all persons occupying policyimplementing position having to do
with the function, functional
areas, tasks, areas of
responsibility, and functional
categories are referred to
educational administration.

System Approach to
School Administration
System
Analysis

Kaufman (1970)

System
Synthesis

Steps in system analysis:

1.Identifying the problem; and
2.Determining solution requirements and
alternatives
Steps in system synthesis:
3.Choosing a solution strategy from
alternatives;
4.Implementing the solution strategy;
5.Determining performance effectiveness.

Efficiency, and Effectiveness

Gibson and Hunt (1965) described
their concept of efficiency as
the ratio of realized outcomes to
input of personnel identified with
the school material and they
express it in the following formula:

Ef = _____RO______
R (P, S) + M

Efficiency, and Effectiveness

Other authors described their
concept of effectiveness as the
ratio of realized outcomes to
intended outcomes, and express it,
formula-wise, as follows:

Ef = ____RO___
IO

ENDS
sometimes referred to as purpose or
objectives, give direction to the
educational effort.
The curriculum is the means utilized
to attain the ends.
It includes the concepts and factual
data selected, the methodology
employed, the experiences contrived,
and the organizational stratagems
used.

Efficiency of Means and

Effectiveness of Means as Applied to
Evaluation of Curriculum
Efficiency of Means
Involves time and money
Will the curriculum means
accomplish the attainment
of the intended goal within
the reasonable time and for
reasonable amount of
money?

Efficiency of Means
if a particular means is both
appropriate and valid but
requires too much time, then
it does not meet criterion of
efficiency. Or a given means
may be very quick to
accomplish the intended
objectives, but if its
extremely costly to employ,
then it does not meet the
efficiency criterion.

Effective of Means
content, methodology, organizational
arrangements, experience.
Are the curriculum ends
actually attained? Do the
students learn what is intended
for them to learn? Are the
desired objectives realized?
Do the arrangement of time,
space, and staff maximally
contribute to the attainment of
the intended objectives?

School Administration
Institutional
Effectiveness

Social System
Theory

Effectiveness
relates to the
accomplishment of
cooperative
purpose, which is
social and nonpersonal in
character.

Individual
Efficiency

Efficiency
relates to the
satisfaction of
individual
motives and is
personal in
character.

School Administration
Theory of X

McGregor
(1960)

Theory X views
behaviour in terms
of organization,
control and
direction.

Theory of Y

Theory Y views
behaviour in terms
of human growth,
self-expression,
self-direction,
and selffulfilment.

Two Vital Aspects of

School Administration
Organization
is the restructuring
of individuals and
functions into
productive
relationship. It is
concerned mainly
with the formal and
rational aspects of
administration.

Management
refers to the
direction of
individuals and
functions to achieve
ends previously
determined. It
involves the human
and generalizing
factors.

Administration

Distinction
between
Distinction between
Administration
and
Administration and
Management
Management
Management

Administration

It is concerned about the

Nature of Work
determination of objectives and
major policies of an organization.
Type of Function
It is a determinative function

It takes major decisions of an

Scope
enterprise as a whole.

Level of Authority It is a top-level activity.

It consists of owners who invest

Nature of status
capital in and receive profits from
an enterprise.

Nature of Usage

Decision Making

Main Function

Abilities

It is popular with government,

military, educational, and
religious organizations.
Its decisions are influenced by
public opinion, government
policies, social, and religious
factors.
Planning and organizing functions
are involved in it.
It needs administrative rather
than technical abilities.
Administration handles the

Management
It puts into action the policies
and plans laid down by the
administration.
It is an executive function
It takes decisions within the
framework set by the
administration.
It is a middle level activity.
It is a group of managerial
personnel who use their
specialized knowledge to fulfil
the objectives of an
enterprise.
It
is
used
in
business
enterprises
Its decisions are influenced by
the values, opinions, and
beliefs of the managers.
Motivating and controlling
functions are involved in it
It requires technical activities.
Management handles the
employees.

Educational
Administration

Governance

concerned with the process of

administering, the execution of
public affairs in educational
organizations, the performance of
executive functions, guiding,
controlling, and directing of
educational organizations, and the
judicious use of means to accomplish
educational ends.

Educational
Administration

Governance

is concerned with the political function

of policy-making in education; the
organization and machinery through which
political units such as agencies, states
and local school exercise authority and
perform functions; and the complex
political institution, laws, and customs
that comprise the setting for the
performance of administrative functions
and responsibilities.

Management
is the highest order of
administration. Management is the
evidence of quality administration,
but the trust of the management role
is still action-oriented.
Management is concerned with
internal functions which enable the
organization to realize its
established aims and goals.

Administration
exist to serve and facilitate the
effective operation of the various
phases of the schools total
program.
In this context management refers to
various ways through which human and
material resources can be mobilized
to work toward attaining the school
goal.

Administration
Sergiovanni defines administration
in its management sense as the
science and art of achieving
organizational objectives in a
fashion which is cost-effective and
which obtains sufficient teacher and
consumer satisfaction to ensure
their continued participation and
support.

Educational Administration
Bottom line

Educational Leadership
The educational leader is
very much concerned with the
issue of purpose and
direction.

Administration
Policy

Resources

Execution

Decision-Making

Policy-Making

Policies are not only

formulated

Programmed
Communicated
Monitored
Evaluated

Policymaking Process

The Policy Cycle

Video of
K+12 Enhanced Basic
Education Program

Policymaking Process
Problem Identification and Agenda
Setting
Problem Identification
What is the problem? What happens if, we do nothing?
Demand for government action to resolve a problem or take
advantage of an opportunity
Getting the government to see the problem
Problems capture the attention of policymakers through
indicators, focusing events (disasters), crises, feedback or
problems just fade away
Budget (money makes the world go around) is a special problem

Policymaking Process
Agenda Setting
Those items policymakers are discussing
and seriously considering
Getting the government to begin to act on
the problem
Output that transform the problem into an
ISSUE
Issue conflict between two or more
identifiable groups over procedural or
substantive matters relating to the distribution
of positions and resources

Policymaking Process

Policy Formulation
Development of a plan to solve
the problem
Governments proposed solution
to the problem

Policymaking Process
Policy
Adoption/Legitimation
Decision making state
Development of support for a
specific proposal such that the
policy is legitimized or authorized
Getting the government to accept a
particular solution to the problem
Policy decisions rests on public
officials or body to adopt, modify or
reject a preferred policy alternative

Policymaking Process
Policy Implementation
Application of the adopted policy by the
governments bureaucracy to the problem
Execution of a program that has been
adopted by legislation or by executive or
judicial order
Control (designed to cause people to do
things, refrain from doing things, or continue
doing things that they otherwise would not
do) Ex. Coercive/non coercive, inspection,
licensing, contracts, taxation, sanctions, etc.
Compliance (induce people to act in

Policymaking Process
Policy Evaluation

estimation,
assessment, or appraisal of policy
including its content, implementation
and effects
Effectiveness: Has the valued outcome
been achieved?
Efficiency: How much effort was required
to achieve a valued result?
Adequacy: To what extent does the
achievement of a valued outcome resolve
the problem?
Equity: Are costs and benefits distributed
equitably among different groups?
Responsiveness: Do policy outcomes
satisfy the needs, preferences or values

DepEd
Order No. 31 s. 201
Policy Guidelines on
the Implementation of
K to 12 Basic
Education Curriculum

Policymaking Process

The Policy Cycle

Video of
K+12 Enhanced Basic
Education Program

Educational Administration
Tangibles

Intangibles

school site,
the humanization of
laboratory facilities,
administration, the
library facilities,
encouragement of
faculty, medicalacademic freedom, the
exercise of democratic dental, and security
services, and coleadership, the
strengthening of group curricular or special
facilities such as
dynamics, the
audio-visual aids,
maintenance of good
speech clinics, and
public relations, and
guidance and
the development of the
counselling centers.
child.

School Administration
Tangibles

Intangibles

Administrative Accountability
the administration
should be aware not only of its
responsibility but also of its
accountability to its clientele,
the students, and the society at
large.