Human

Introduction
Dentition
Dental Anatomy Includes
:

.Nomenclature & terminology- 1

The external morphology and internal- 2
.composition of individual teeth
3-How tooth form serves its function.
The relationship of teeth to each other- 4
.and to the jaw bones

Dental Anatomy
Nomenclature
The Jaws
&
Dental Arches

The Jaws and Dental Arches

A.

The maxilla is two

bones forming
the upper jaw;
they are rigidly attached
to the skull.

B.

The mandible is
a horse-shoe
shaped bone which
articulates with the
skull by way of the
temporo-mandibular
joint the TMJ.

Quadrants:
right & left
quadrants

Right

Left

Right

Left

Maxillary right
and left.
Mandibular
right

Functions of Teeth

1- Mastication:
teeth are designed to perform this function.
Incisors

Canine

Chisel like Wedge like

Cutting or
Cutting
incising
and
tearing

Premolars

At least two
projections
(.cusps)
Tearing and
grinding

Molars

Multiple
projections
( cusps)
Grinding

2- Appearance:
- Well arranged clean
teeth with proper
alignment give nice
appearance to the face.
Teeth give support to the
facial expressions.

3- Speech:
for clear pronunciation and
production of sound.

4- Growth of jaws:
The teeth play a role in the growth of the jaws in some
periods of life.

Types of Teeth

Types of
Teeth Anterior Teeth

for
cutting & tearing
food

Posterior Teeth

Anterior TeethUpper

Canine

lateral Central
Incisors

Anterior Teeth-

Canine

Lower

lateral - Central
Incisors

Premolars:

(in permanent only)

Upper
First premolar
&
Second premolar

Lower

Molars:
Upper
First

& second

Lower
Wisdom tooth =
Third permanent molar

Types of Dentitions:
Primary & Permanent
Dentition

Types of Dentitions:
I-Primary Dentition
Deciduous ,baby, milk
teeth:
a. Twenty ( 20)
primary teeth.
b. 10 in each arch
c. 5 in each quadrant
In function:
2 years 12 years

I-Primary
Dentition

Mixed Dentition
Period
6 years 12 years

Eruption
of
first
permanent
molar

Shedding
of
last
primary
molar

6 years eruption of first permanent molar

12 years Shedding of last primary molar

II-Permanent Dentition
In
function:
12 years
through
out
life

Permanent Teeth

Tooth Identification
Systems
Numbering or Coding Systems

1.Palmer Notation System

2.Universal System
3.International FDI System
(two digit system)

1-Palmer Notation System

for Permanent Teeth

Right

Left

8-1

4
5

1 1 2 3
3 2

1-8

8
7
6

8-1
1 2

5
4

1-8

It represents the four quadrants of the dentition

as if you are facing the patient.
In upper right

In upper left

In lower right

In lower left

The
permanent
teeth
numbered
Horizontal
and vertical
lines are
= symbol
for the quad
from 1-8 on each side from the
midline.
Upper right
8 7
8 7 6
7 8

5
5

Upper left

4 3 2
6 7 8
4

1
1

Lower right

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

5
5

Lower

Palmer Notation System

for Primary Teeth
E-A

C
D

A-E

E-A

A-E

The deciduous teeth are lettered

from A-E on each side from the midline
Upper right

Upper left

A A

A A

Lower right

Lower left

Palmer Notation System

2-The International Numbering

System
FDI Federation Dentaire International
The teeth are designated by using two(the
two
digit
system)
digits:
a. The first digit of the code is located at the left
side of the number and indicates the quadrant:
In permanent dentition
dentition

In deciduous

U.R. 1
U.L

U.L.

U.R.

L.R. 4
L.L.

L. L.

L.R.

2International

For permanent Teeth

11 21 22
12
13
23
14
24
15
25
16
26
17
27
28
18

System
(Two Digit
System)
First Digit = quadrant
FDI
Federation
Dentaire
International

1 2

48

38
37

47
36
46
35
45
44
34
43
42 41 31 3233

Second Digit = Tooth number in the qu

b- The second digit is located at the right side of the
number
and indicates the number of the tooth in the quadrant.
The two digits should be pronounced separately.

Permanent teeth

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

2International

For Primary Teeth

52

51 61

62

53

System
54
(Two Digit
First Digit = quadrant
55
System)
First Digit
= quadrant
FDI
Federation
Dentaire
6
5
International

63
64

65

85

75

84

74

83

73
82 81 71 72

For Primary Teeth

First Digit = quadrant

Second Digit = Tooth number in the qu

Primary Teeth
55 54 53 52 51

61 62 63 64 65

85 84 83 82 81

71 72 73 74 75

Universal
system
for
Permane
nt Teeth

Universal
System
for Primary
Teeth

Macro & Micro-anatomy

of Teeth
crown
neck
root

Surrounding Bone:

Crypt
Socket

developing tooth
erupted tooth root

Anatomical Crown & Clinical Crown

Single-rooted

Multi-rooted

Micro-anatomy of Teeth

Pulp Cavity
1-Coronal pulp:
Pulp chamber
Pulp horns
2-Radicular pulp:
Root canal
Apical foramen

Pulp Cavity in Root

2-Radicular pulp:
Root canal

Apical foramen

Surfaces
of

Teeth

Surfaces of teeth are identified by

the relationship to
surrounding orofacial structures
Each tooth
has
Five
surfaces:

1.Facial
2.Lingual,
3.Mesial, and
4. Distal (proximal)
5.Functioning surf.
(Incisal) occlusal,

FACIAL SURFACE

any surface on the outside

(towards the face)

2. BUCCAL is the
facial surface
of the
posterior teeth
(blue).

1.LABIAL is facial
surface of the
anterior teeth
(green),

Inter-proximal
surfaces:

Surfaces in between two teeth:

1. Facing towards the

midline: MESIAL.
2. Facing away from the
midline: DISTAL

LINGUAL

The surfaces facing the tongue

PALATAL
on the maxilla.

palatal

Functioning Surfaces:
chewing/biting surfaces of teeth :

OCCLUSAL: chewing surfaces of

posterior teeth
INCISAL: the anteriors
biting surface

Line and Point Angles

Division into Thirds

Line and Point Angles

:Line angle

It is formed by the junction

of two surfaces
and its name is derived
from both surfaces

:Point angle

It is formed by the junction

of three surfaces
and its name is derived
.from these surfaces

Line Angles
of Anterior Teeth

Line Angles
of Posterior Teeth

Point Angles

Meeting of 3 surfaces

Division into Thirds

Anatomical Landmarks
of the Crown

Developmental data:

:Lobe

It is one of the primary

centers of calcification and
growth formed during the
crown development.

Each tooth begins to

develop from four lobes or
more.
The pulp chamber has pulp
horns corresponding to
these lobes.

Anterior teeth

premolars

Maxillary molars

Mandibular molars

A- Crown
Crown Elevations:
Elevations:
A-

1-Mamelons
1-Mamelons

They are three

small rounded
projections of
enamel present in
the incisal third of
newly erupted
incisors

2-Cingulum
2-Cingulum

It is the bulge
on the cervical
third of lingual
surface of the
crown in
anterior teeth

3-Cusps
3-Cusps

They are pyramidal

projections on the
incisal portion of the
canine and on the
occlusal surfaces of
the premolars and
molars

4-Tubercle
4-Tubercle
It is a small elevation produced by
. excessive formation of enamel
: Tubercle is noticed at
the palatal surface of E & 6
sometimes at the lingual
surface of
incisors over the cingulum.
N.B. Tubercle differs from cusp , it
is formed of enamel only while
cusp is formed of pulp horn
covered by dentin and enamel.

Marginal
Marginal

5-Ridges
5-Ridges
Triangular
Triangular

Ridge or elevation
of enamel forming
the margin of the
surface of a tooth
on mesial /distal
margins of lingual
surfaces anterior
teeth.
mesial & distal
margins of occlusal
surfaces posterior
teeth

Transverse Ridge

Oblique Ridge

Linear
Linear

Linear ridges:
Elevated portions
of tooth run in a
line named for
their location
Cervical
Incisal
Labial
Buccal
Lingual

B-Crown
B-Crown
Depressions
Linear Depressions
Depressions
Depressions
Linear

Irregular Depressions
Depressions
Irregular

1-Developmental
grooves:

1-Fossa

Depression or concavity

Shallow grooves that

separate cusps or primary
parts of teeth

2- Supplemental
grooves:

Lingual
Small , irregularly placed
auxiliary grooves.
fossa
Branches from developmental grooves.
They do not denote union of primary
lobes.
The third molars followed by second
permanent molars are characterized by
high number of supplemental grooves.

triangular
fossae
Central
fossa

Linear Depressions
Depressions
Linear
3- Fissures

Found in the bottom of

developmental grooves.
Result from incomplete union of
the primary lobes.
Represent a fault in enamel.

Irregular Depressions
Depressions
Irregular
2- PITS:
b- FAULTY PIT:
Develop as a result
of incomplete formation of
enamel.
It is located at the end of
the buccal developmental
grooves of the lower molars or
palatal developmental
grooves of the upper molars.