suspension

zulfiayu- msy 2011

Penggolongan antarmuka

Fase

Tipe dan Contoh Antar Muka

Gas / gas

Tidak ada kemungkinan ada antar muka

Gas / cairan
Gas / padatan
Cairan / cairan
Cairan / padatan
Padatan / padatan

Permukaan cairan, air yang berada di atmosfir

Permukaan padatan, bagian di atas meja
Antarmuka cairan, emulsi
Antarmuka padatan, suspensi
Antarmuka padatan, partikel serbuk yang saling
melekat

antarmuka PADAT/CAIR

Banyak diaplikasikan dalam kefarmasian

Adsorpsi pada permukaan zat padat juga dilibatkan dalam

fenomena pembasahan dan proses deterjen

Suatu zat pembasah adalah suatu surfaktan yang bila

dilarutkan dalam air, menurunkan sudut kontak dan
membantu memindahkan fase udara pada permukaan dan
menggantinya dengan fase cair

Sudut kontak adalah sudut antara tetesan cairan dan

permukaan ke atas dimana ia menyebar

Sudut kontak dari 0o sampai 180o

= 0o ,
pembasahan
sempurna,
tenggelam
< 90o

= 90o
terapung

> 90o
= 180o,
pembasahan
tidak
bermakna

definisi

Ketika partikel yang

merupakan fase internal
suspensi adalah terapi
aktif, suspensi dikenal
sebagai suspensi farmasi.

definition
When the particles constituting the
internal phase of the suspension are
therapeutically active, the
suspension is known as
pharmaceutical suspension.

component

Internal
(globules)/disperse/discontinous phase
: finely divided states

External /continous phase

Wetting Agent
Suspending Agent

Size of particle
Coarse suspension: greater than ~1 m
Colloidal suspension : below 1 m

Aplication and Utility

Why suspension used?
The drug is insoluble in the delivery vehicle.
To mask the bitter taste of the drug.
To increase drug stability.
To achieve controlled/sustained drug release.

Aplication and Utility

Aplication
Oral medicines antacid suspensions, ex :oral antibacterial
suspensions,Oral analgesic suspensions,Oral anthelmintic
suspension,Oral anticonvulsant suspensions,Oral antifungal
suspensions,Dry antibiotic powders for oral suspensions
Parenteral products, ex :Intramuscular antidiarrheal
suspensions,Intravenous anticancer suspensions, Intramuscular
contraceptive suspensions
Topical products, e.g. high protection-factor sunscreens
Metered-dose aerosol inhalation products
Suppositories
Film-coating of tablets
Sugar-coating of tablets
Manufacture of hard gelatin capsule shells and fills
Manufacture of soft gelatin capsule fills and shells
Granulating suspensions (slurries) used in the wet granulation of
powders for granule, tablet or capsule manufacturepical
suspensions,oral suspensions

Aplication and Utility

Suspensions are also used in the allied fields of

cosmetics, veterinary medicine,pest control,
including domestic, industrial and agricultural
applications, and other industrial

Ideal Suspension
The suspension must be :
physically stable (no appreciable settling) for a
sufficient time,
chemically stable over the required time (shelf-life),
possess a viscosity that allows it to be used for its
intended purpose,
be easily reconstituted by shaking,
and be acceptable in use to the patient, care-giver
or other user.

The factors contributing to

maximal stability

1.
2.
3.
4.

Small particle size

Minimum movement of particles increasing viscosity
Repellence of particles as a result of electric charges
Concentration of suspensoid (suspended particles)

Type of Suspension

Type of particle solid

Floculated suspension
Defloculated suspension

Size of particle :
Colloidal suspension
Coarse suspension

Theoretical Considerations
Interfacial Properties
1.Surface Free Energy

A large surface area offered by finely divided solid materials is typically

associated with large amount of free energy on the surface. The relation
between the surface free energy and the surface area can be expressed
by :
G = A
Therefore, a system with very fine particles is thermodynamically
unstable because of high total surface area. Thus, the system tends to
agglomerate in order to reduce the surface area and thereby the excess
free energy. Surface free energy may also be reduced to avoid the
agglomeration of particles, which can be accomplished by reducing
interfacial energy. When a wetting agent is added to the suspension
formulation, it is adsorbed at the interface. This will result in a reduction
of the interfacial tension, making the system more stable.

2.Surface Potential

Surface potential exists when dispersed solid particles in a

suspension possess charge in relation to their surrounding
liquid medium. Solid particles may become charged
through different ways. If the suspension contains
electrolytes, selective adsorption of a particular ionic
species by the solid particles is a possibility. This will lead to
the formation of charged particles.

Solid particles can also be charged by ionization of

functional group of the particles. In this case, the total
charge is a function of the pH of the surrounding vehicle.

Partikel Terdispersi

dalam media cair bisa bermuatan

dengan beberapa cara :

Adsorpsi selektif dari ionik yang ada dalam larutan,

Muatan timbul dari ionisasi gugus gugus (COOH)

Perbedaan konstanta dielektrik antara partikel dan

ditambahkan atau dari air murni

medium pendispersi

Sedimentation Rate

The rate of sedimentation of particles can be determined by

Stokes law:
V = d2(1 2)
18
where V is the terminal velocity of sedimentation (cm/s), d
is the diameter of the particle (cm), 1 and 2 are the
densities of the suspended particles and the medium,
respectively,g is the acceleration due to gravity, and is
the viscosity of the medium.

+
+_
+ _
+
+_ _
+
+_ _
+
+ _
+
a

Lapisan Listrik Ganda

c
d

_
+_ _
+
_
+
_

+
_

+
_

+
_

+ _
_
b

aa : ion penentu
potensial

+
+

bb : counterion
atau
Gegenion

Daerah iris
(terikat

kuat)

Lapisan Listrik Ganda pada permukaan pemisah antara dua

fase menunjukkan distribusi ion ion. Sistem secara
keseluruhan adalah netral secara elektrik

Potensial Nernst dan Potensial Zeta

Potensial pada permukaan zat padat aa, disebabkan ion

penentu potensial adalah potensial elektrotermodinamik
(Nernst), E. didefinisikan sebagai perbedaan potensial antara
permukaan yang sebenarnya dengan daerah netral listrik dari
larutan tersebut

Potensial pada bidang iris bb dikenal sebagai potensial

elektrokinetik atau potensial zeta, didefinisikan sebagai
perbedaan potensial antara bidang iris dengan daerah netral
listrik dari larutan tersebut

Potensial zeta inilah yang mengatur derajat tolak menolak

antara partikel partikel terdispersi bermuatan sama dan saling
berdekatan

The relationship between Nernst and zeta potentials

Net energy of interaction between two particles as a

function of interparticulate distance

Caking
defloc

Zeta potential (mv)

No caking
floc

Cationic flocculating agent

Sedimentation volume, F

Caking
defloc

procces
(+) a prefentially adsorbed ion whose charge in
opposite in sign to that on the particle leads to a
progressive lowering of z.
At some concentration of the added ion the
electrical forces of repulsion are lowered sufficiently
that the forces af attraction predominateParticles
may approach each other more closely and form
loose aggregates, termed flocsflocculated

procces
Flocculation:Aggregation by chemical bridging,
reduction of repulsive potential at the double layer
(+)(+) flocculating agent can reserve the above
procces, if the z increases sufficiently in the
opposite direction

Flocculated & Deflocculates Suspension

Defflocculated
1. Particles exist in
separate entities
2.

suspension

Flocculated
as

Rate of sedimentation is slow, since

each particle settles separately an
particle size is minimal

Particles form loose aggregates

Rate of sedimentation is high, since
particles settle as a floc, which is a
colection of particle.

3. A sediment is formed slowly

A sediment is formed rapidly
4. The sediment eventually becomes
very closely packed, due to weight of
upper
layers
of
sedimenting
material. Repulsive force between
particles are overcome and a hard
cake is formed which is diffucult, if
not impossible to redisperse
5.

The suspension has a pleasing

appearance, since the suspended
material remain suspended for a
relatively long time. The supernatant
also remains cloudy, even when
settling is apparent

A sediment is loosely packed and

possesses a scaffold-like structure.
Particles do not bond tightly to each
other and a hard, dense cake does not
form. The sediment is easy to redisperse,
so as to reform the original suspension.
The suspension is somewhat unsightly,
do to rapid sedimentation and the
presence of an obvious , clear
supernatant region. This can minimized if
the volume of sediment is made large.
Ideally, volume of sediment should
encompass
the
volume
of
the
suspension

Flocculated & Deflocculates

Suspension

Flocculated Suspension

Open-network suspension
aggregate

Deflocculated Suspension

Dispersed
particles

Closed suspension
aggregate

Particles
Addition of wetting agent and dispersion
medium
Uniform dispersion
of deflocculsted
particles

A
Uniform dispersion of
deflocculsted particles

Deffloculated
suspension
in structured
vehicles as final
product

Addition of
Flocculating
Agent
Floculated
suspension
as final product

Addition of
Flocculating
Agent
Floculated
suspension
Incorporation of
Structured
vehicles
Floculated
suspension
in structured
vehicles as final
product

The Alternative approaches to the

formulation of suspensions

s ih
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