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Admixtures
are chemical added to
ADMIXTURES
concrete, mortar or grout at the
time
of
mixing
to
modify
properties either in the wet state
or after mix has hardened
Can a be a single chemical or
blend
Usually in solutions with typically
35-40% active mineral compounds
Amount added is less than 5% of
cement (mostly < 2%)
MINERAL ADMIXTURE
Mineral Admixtures
Mineral admixtures are incorporated in concrete to:
Increase
the compressive strength, other
properties
mechanicaland durability.
Improve the rheological behaviour in the fresh state.
Correct deficiencies in the packing density
of
aggregates and/or increase the
the content
paste
increasing
the cement dosage (i.e., as a filler).
without
Decrease the heat of hydration.
Decrease
the environmental impact of concrete (i.e.,
by saving cement and/or utilising a waste product)
MINERAL ADMIXTURES:CLASSES
Cementitious
Natural cements
Hydraulic lime
Blast-furnace slag (GGBS)
Pozzolanic
Materials
of natural
such as crushed
origin
diatomites,
volcanic ashes and metakaolin
Fly ash
Microsilica or silica fume
Materials of low or negligible reactivity
Limestone, quartz or other rock dust
Bentonite
Hydrated lime
Pozzolanic Reaction
Amorphous + calcium hydroxide + water
hydrate
silica
S
CH
calcium silicate
CSH
CH
CAH
<1m
130 to 430 kg/m3
1320 to 1440 kg/m3
480 to 720 kg/m3
2.2
13,000 to 30,000 m2/kg
Aggregate-paste interface
Transition Zone
In usual concrete, zone of
0.05 to 1 mm thickness
contains large crystals of
Ca(OH)2 and pores.
reason One
porosity offorthis the
zone is
higher
the
accumulation of bleed
water at the surface of
coarse aggregate particles.
Fly
Ash:
Origin
ash precipitated from the exhaust gases of
It is the
coalfired power plants.
The
microstructure is denser because
less lime
is
produced.
Heat development is lowered.
Higher long-term strength gain, especially when the GGBS has a
high fineness.
Resistance
against corrosion is increased due to a
less
permeable and porous microstructure.
Resistance
to sulphate attack is improved due to
lower calcium hydroxide content
Alkali aggregate reactivity is lowered due to the reduction in the
alkali mobility by the lower permeability.
Admixture dosage
Admixtures should comply with National
Standards
Dosage and type of admixture should
conform
with design specifications and codes
Admixtures dispensers should be
Accurate, calibrated
Ensure complete dosage is delivered to
concrete
Admixture by action
Water reducer and plasticizer
Superplasticizer
Set retarder
Set accelerator
Air entertaining agent
Water repelling admixture
Viscosity modifier
Corrosion resistant admixture
Cold whether admixture
Shrinkage reducer
Water Reducers
Admixture that reduces the water content of a
mortar or concrete for a given workability. Usually
has a secondary effect of retarding the setting of
the concrete.
Ligosulfonates
Lignin makes up 20% of the composition of wood.
During paper-making, products of lignin are
obtained as by-products.
Effect of Water-Reducing
Admixtures
Workability increases with the incorporation of the
water-reducing admixture.
Reduction in w/c
Initial setting time of cement can be extended by
several hours, depending on the dosage.
Superplasticizer
Constant workability:
Lower w/c
same workability
No
admixture
MLS
SMF
Usage of
Superplasticizers
Lower w/c
SC
Mechanisms of Action
Types of interaction between cement
particles and the superplasticizer
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
Adsorption and
generation of
repulsive forces
between cement
particles
Chemisorption,
formation of
admixture-Ca2+
complexes and
interaction with the
hydration
reactions
Chemical Formulation
Surfactants soluble in water, with different
functional groups:
Sulphonate (SO3-)
Carboxylate (COO-),
Hydroxide (OH-) or
Phosphonate (PO3-)
Hydrophobic group
Hydrophilic group
Superplasticizer Action
Flocculation in the absence
of superplasticizer
Water
Cement
particle
Entrapped
water
Cement
particle
Improves
the
elements.
Leads to superior strength and durability
with
lower cement contents.
Unhydrated
cement grains
Consequence of
Superplasticizer
Action
Water
Atcin
w/c =
0.65
w/c =
0.25
Applications where a
Superplasticizer is Essential
Fluid/Flowing/Pumpable concrete
Shotcrete
Self-compacting concrete
High-strength concrete
High-durability concrete
Concrete with low shrinkage and creep
SET-RETARDERS
concretes
are lesser at early ages.
temperature
rise of
Set retardation
SET-ACCELERATORS
&
HARDENING-ACCELERATORS
Types of Accelerators
Chloride-based
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is the most common
accelerator. Has been used since 1885.
Non-chloride accelerators
Calcium formate, triethanolamine, calcium
nitrate, etc.
Effect of Accelerators
The rates of hydration of C3A and/or C3S are generally
increased.
Triethanolamine
of
retardsearly
the hydration
of C3S and
Higher
strength results
fromCthe
2S. increased amount of
hydration products.
AIR ENTRAINING
AGENTS
Effect of Air
Entraining
Admixtures
Mehta and Monteiro
CORROSION-INHIBITING
ADMIXTURES
DAMP-PROOFERS
WATER-REPELLING
ADMIXTURES
VISCOSITY-ENHANCING
AGENTS
VISCOSITY-MODIFYING
AGENTS
Nagataki
concrete
under water with little loss of cement.
Self-compacting concrete
Leads to high flowability with no segregation.
Grouting
Eliminates
COLD WEATHER
ADMIXTURE SYSTEMS
SHRINKAGE-REDUCING
ADMIXTURES
Shrinkage Mechanisms
Plastic shrinkage: Due to the loss of water in the
plastic state due to evaporation.
Carbonation
Drying
Autogenous
Thermal
(contraction)
Plastic
Carbonation
Shrinkage
hours
days
weeks
Time
months
years
Water
To
To
END