CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Wastewater is the used water generated by the community due to its
various activities.
It contains impurities or pollutants in the form of solids,liquids or gases
or their combination in such concentration that is harmful if disposed to
the environment.
The contaminants include suspended solids,biodegradable dissolved
organic compounds,inorganic solids,nutrients,metals and pathogenic
microorganisms.

 The suspended solids are primarily organic particles composed of body

wastes(faeces),food waste and toilet paper.
Inorganic solids include surface sediments and soil as well as salts and
metals.
The removal of suspended solids is essential prior to discharge in order to
avoid settlement in the receiving water course.
The design of wastewater treatment plant units,in general,means the
determination of the determination of capacity(volume)and dimensions of
treatment tanks.
Wastewater treatment plants are designed on a unit operation concept in
which one operation is optimized to accomplish one task.the choice of
treatment operations depends on the quality and variability of wastewater and
treatment objectives.

Wastewaters are normally treated by the combination of physical,chemical

and biological operations.
physical methods of treatment include the use of tanks and other structures
designed to control the flow of wastewater and and to promote the removal of
contaminants.
The action of bacteria and other microorganisms are biological methods of
treatment,which play a vital role in the removal of pollutants which cannot be
effectively achieved by other means.
Chemical treatment methods enhance the efficiency of other process
operations and provide specialized treatment as a result of their addition at
various treatment stages.

SOURCES OF WASTEWATER
Wastewater can originate from the combination of domestic,industrial and
commercial activities.
The source of wastewater will determine its its characteristics and how it must
be treated.
Domestic wastewater is the wastewater generated from homes,businesses
and institutions and contains pollutants such as,faecal and vegetable
matter,grease and scum,detergents,rags and sediments.On the other hand
wastewater from industrial processes may include toxic chemicals,metals,very
strong organic wastes,radioactive wastes,large amounts of sediment and high
temperature wastes or acidic wastes.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this project is to maintain a healthy environment by
treating properly the wastewater before they find their way into water bodies
or agricultural lands and other possible reuse.
To reduce the strength of wastewater,so that it may not pollute the receiving
water.
To reduce its volume in general.
To destroy the pathogens
To enable its safe and satisfactory disposal
To produce methane gas

LOCATION OF TREATMENT PLANTS

DESIGN PERIOD
Generally, the design period of wastewater treatment plant is determined by
considering the following facts;
Funds available for the construction of the treatment plant
Useful lifespan of materials that are used in the construction of wastewater
treatment plant
Rate of interest on the loans taken to complete the project
Operation and maintenance cost
Anticipated expansion of the population

 The consideration of the above factors in the selection of

design period serves two purposes.
Firstly, it will not put on excessive financial burden on the construction of
the wastewater treatment plant as it can be carried out in phases.If the
design period is very long, it will unnecessarily increase the cost of
construction and the capacity of the treatment plant will remain utilized for a
longer period of time. On the other hand, if the design period is short, the
capacity of the plant shall be consumed faster and will create a need for its
expansion.Thus, by considering the above cases, a design period of 30
years including its construction period is adopted for this project.

POPULATION PROJECTION
After the design period has been fixed, the population of the project
area at the end of the design period has to be determined. In case of
designing a wastewater treatment plant for a new town/city, the average
daily wastewater flow is normally computed on the basis of average
daily water demand of the town /city. This demand is usually calculated
on the basis of the projected population over the end of the design
period.
The estimation of future population depends on the consideration of all
factors that will govern the future growth and developments of the
town/city in the spheres of trade and
commerce,industries,education,socioeconomics,etc.

 Thus from the data obtained from Communication Corporation Director

Directorate Bureau of Debre Markos University,the statistical data of
students and staff workers are as follows;
Table 1; Students Statistical data in 2008 E.C
First
degree

Secon
d
degree

Total

Regula
r

12410

339

12749

Extens
ion

6696

542

7238

Summ

9052

580

9632

Table 2:workers statistical data in 2008 E.C

Male

Femal
e

Total

Acade
mic
staff

999

159

1158

Admini
strativ
e staff

677

563

1240

Techni
cal
assista
nt

65

17

82

Cafete

216