Nor Azimah Khalid

FSKM, UiTM Shah Alam

Layered Tasks
In layered protocol, each layer uses the

services of the layer immediately below it

E.g. in Sender, the higher layer uses the
services of the middle layer. The middle layer
uses the services of the lower layer and the
lower layer uses the services of the carrier.

Layered Tasks

The OSI Model

The OSI Model is a layered framework for the

design of network systems that allows

communication between all types of computer
systems
It is an open system which means a set of
protocols that allows any two different systems
to communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture
the purpose of the OSI model is to show how to
facilitate communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic of
the underlying hardware and software

The OSI Model

Layered Architecture
Allows complete interoperability between

different systems
Related networking functions are grouped into
each distinct layer

Peer-to-peer Process
The processes on each machine that

communicate at a given layer are called peerto-peer processes.

At the physical layer, the communication is
direct
Interfaces
Enable passing data and network information

down through layers at the sender and receiver

Each interface defines information and services
a layer must provide for a layer above it

Peer-to-peer Process

Organization of the
Layers
Layers can be divided into 3 subgroups:
Layers 1 3

Network Support Layers

-deals with the physical aspects
of moving data from one device
to another

Layer 4

Transport Layer

-links the two subgroups,

-ensures what the lower layers have
transmitted is in a form that the upper
layers can use

Layers 5 7

User Support Layer

-allows interoperability among

unrelated software systems

Encapsulation &
Decapsulation

Layers in the OSI Model

Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible
for the movement of individual bits from one
hop (node) to the next

Physical Layer Major

Duties
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
Defines characteristics of the interface between

the devices and the transmission media

Defines type of transmission medium
Representation of bits
Defines the type of representation (how bits
encoded into signals)
Data rate
Defines transmission rate (no. of bits sent each
second)-duration of a bit

Physical Layer Major

Duties
Synchronization of bits
Synchronized the bit level (receiver clock)

Line Configuration
Concern on the connection of device to media
Point-to-point :- dedicated link connection
Multipoint:- a link share among several devices
Physical Topology
Defines how devices connected each other
Transmission Mode
Direction of data transmission between two
devices

Layers in the OSI Model

Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next

Layers in the OSI Model

Data Link Layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames

from one hop (node) to the next

Defines the format of data on the network

Include data frame, checksum, source and destination

address and data

Handles the physical and logical connections to the
packets destination using a network interface

Data Link Layer Major

Duties
Framing

Divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into

manageable data units

Physical addressing
Adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or
receiver of the frame
Flow control
To prevent overwhelming the receiver

Error control (through trailer)

To detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames
To prevent duplication of frames
Access control
To determine which device has control, over the link at any

given time

Physical Address
Example

In the figure above a node with physical address 10 sends a

frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are
connected by a link. At the data link level this frame contains
physical addresses in the header. These are the only
addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other
information needed at this level. The trailer usually contains
extra bits needed for error detection

Layers in the OSI Model

Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the delivery
of individual packets from the source host to
the destination host.

Network Layer Major

Duties
Logical addressing
To distinguish the source and destination

systems

Routing
When independent networks or links are

connected to create an internetwork / large

network, the connecting devices
(routing/switches) route/switch the packets to
their final destination

Logical Address Example

In this figure we want to send
data from a node with
network
address
A
and
physical address 10, located
on one LAN, to a node with a
network
address
P
and
physical address 95, located
on another LAN. Because the
two devices are located on
different networks, we cannot
use physical addresses only;
the physical addresses only
have
local
jurisdiction
(control). What we need here
are universal addresses that
can pass through the LAN
boundaries.
The
network

Layers in the OSI Model

Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the
delivery of a message from one process to
another
It provides end-to-end connection between two
devices during communication by performing
sequencing, acknowledgement, checksums,
and flow control

Transport Layer Major

Port addressing (service point addressing)
Duties

Gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer

Segmentation and reassembly

Enable the transport layer to reassemble the message correctly
upon arrival at the destination
To identify and replace packets that were lost in the transmission

Connection control
Connectionless

User Datagram protocol (UDP)

No end-to-end reliability check
E.g.: DNS update, and SMS

Connection-oriented

Transmission Control protocol (TCP)

Guarantees that is receives as it was sent
E.g.: Telnet, FTP, SSH and Telephone conservation (real world)

Transport Layer Major

Duties
Flow control
End-to-end flow control

Error control
End-to-end error control
Ensure the entire message arrives at the

receiving transport layer without error (damage,

lost, duplicate) - retransmission

Layers in the OSI Model

Session Layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization

Session Layer Major

Duties
Dialog control allow communication
between two process either half duplex or full
duplex
Synchronization allow process adding
checkpoint or synchronization point
Examples Operating system/application

access scheduling

Layers in the OSI Model

Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for
translation, compression and encryption

Layers in the OSI Model

Application Layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user

Application Layer Major

Mail services
Duties
Basis for email forwarding and storage

File transfer and access

Allows

user to access files in a remote host

(changes/read data)
Retrieve file from remote computer for use in the
local computer
Manage or control files in a remote computer locally
Remote log-in
User can log into a remote computer and access the
resources of that computer
Accessing the World Wide Web (WWW)
For internet usage

Summary of Layers

The TCP/IP Suite

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not

exactly match those in the OSI model.

The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can
say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, data link, network,
transport, and application.

TCP/IP and OSI Model

Internet Addressing
Addresses in TCP/IP

Each address belongs to a specific layer of

TCP/IP architecture

Internet Addressing

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

Internet Addressing
Physical Address
a.k.a. Link Address
Is the address of a node as defined by its LAN
or WAN
It is included in the frame used by the data link
layer
The size and format vary depending on the
network

Internet Addressing
Physical Address
Physical Address

Unicast

Multicast

48-bit (6 bytes) long

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

Broadcast

Internet Addressing
Logical Address
Necessary for universal communication services
that are independent of underlying physical
networks
Example 192.168.10.1
32-bits long

Logical Addressing
The figure shows a part
of an internet with two
routers
connecting
three
LANs.
Each
device (computer or
router) has a pair of
addresses
(logical
and physical) for each
connection.
In
this
case, each computer is
connected to only one
link and therefore has
only
one
pair
of
addresses. Each router,
however,
is
connected to three
networks (only two
are shown in the
figure).
So
each
router
has
three

Internet Addressing
Port Address
The objective of TCP/IP architecture is a process
communicating with another process
Therefore, need a method to label the different
processes
A port address is a 16-bit address represented
by one decimal number as shown

753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.

Port Addressing

The figure shows two

computers
communicating via the
Internet. The sending
computer is running
three processes at this
time
with
port
addresses a, b, and c.
The receiving computer
is
running
two
processes at this time
with port addresses j
and k. Process a in the
sending computer needs
to
communicate
with
process j in the receiving
computer.
Note
that
although
physical
addresses change from
hop to hop, logical and