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Presented by:Anant Desai
Tanmay Deshmukh
Vinod Dalvi
Sasmit Gokhale
Vaibhav Dighe
Outline
Communication Systems
Wireless Communications
Current Wireless Systems
- Cellular systems
- Satellite Systems
- Bluetooth
- Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity)
Why Wireless?
Freedom from wires.
Easy to Setup
Auto Magical instantaneous communication without
physical connection setup e.g.- Bluetooth, Wi-Fi.
Global coverage
Communication can reach where wiring is infeasible or
costly
E.g.- rural areas, buildings, battlefield, outer space.
Stay connected, flexibility to connect multiple devices
Brief History
Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons
Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi
Many sophisticated military radio systems were
developed during and after WW2
Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with
more than 2 billion users worldwide today
Ignited the recent wireless revolution, 1980-2003
Growth rate tapering off
10 m
100 m
Bluetooth
1 Km
WLANs
10 Km
Mobile
Telephony
100 Km
1,000 Km
MW SW
Satellite
FM
Radio Radio Radio Links
Wireless Technology
CELLULAR SYSTEM
SATELLITE SYSTEM
Wi-Fi
BLUETOOTH
Satellite Systems
Satellite Systems
How Satellite works?
Types of Orbit:- Low-Earth-Orbit (LEOs)
Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEOs)
Geostationary (GEOs)
Applications:- Global Positioning System(GPS)
2.
3.
Satellite Orbits
Distance (km)
Period
700 - 2000
~2 hr
10.000 15.000
~6 hr
36.000
24 hr
Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO)
Altitude (375-1000 miles)
Revolution time: 90 min - 3 hours.
Advantages:
Reduces transmission delay
Eliminates need for bulky
receiving equipment.
Disadvantages:
Smaller coverage area.
Shorter life span (5-8 yrs.) than
GEOs (10 yrs).
Subdivisions: Little, Big, and Mega
(Super) LEOs.
Middle-Earth-Orbiting (MEO)
MEOs orbits between the
altitudes of 5,600 and 9,500
miles.
These orbits are primarily
reserved for communications
satellites that cover the North
and South Pole.
Unlike the circular orbit of the geostationary
satellites, MEOs are placed in an elliptical
(oval-shaped) orbit.
Approximately a dozen medium Earth orbiting
satellites are necessary to provide continuous
global coverage 24 hours a day.
Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit (GEO)
Orbit is synchronous with the
earths rotation.
From the ground the satellite
appears fixed.
Altitude is about 23,000 miles.
Coverage to 40% of planet per
satellite. Provides images of
nearly one-third of the Earth's
surface every 23 minutes with 4
km resolution.
GPS: What is it ?
A constellation of 24 satellites
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radionavigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and
their ground stations.
They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less
than 24 hours.
These satellites are traveling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an
hour.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
What is BLUETOOTH?
Bluetooth is a wireless technology
used to transfer data between different electronic
devices.
The distance of data transmission is
small in comparison to other modes of wireless
communication.
This technology eradicates the use of cords,
cables, adapters and permits the electronic
devices to communicate wirelessly among each
other.
Importance Of Bluetooth
These have Replaced cables for transferring
Information from one Electronic Device to another
one.
These have decreased Strain like carrying phones
while talking, making hands free to do another work.
This is cheaply Available.
Its Mobility is also very Important as it doesnt need
any power outlet or Internet connection or any other
items.
Wi-Fi
What is Wi-Fi ?
Short for wireless fidelity.
It is a wireless technology that uses radio
frequency to transmit data through the air.
The standard for wireless local area networks
(WLANs). Its like a common language that all
the devices use to communicate to each other. If
you have a standard, people can make all sorts of
devices that can work with each other.
Brief History
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
established the 802.11 Group in 1990. Specifications for
standard ratified in 1997.
Initial speeds were 1 and 2 Mbps.
IEEE modified the standard in 1999 to include:
802.11b
802.11a
802.11g was added in 2003.
IEEE Created standard, but Wi-Fi Alliance certifies
products
Wi-Fi Standards
Standard
Speed
Freq band
802.11
2Mbps
2.4GHz
802.11a
54Mbps
5GHz
802.11b
11Mbps
2.4GHz
802.11g
54Mbps
2.4GHz
802.11n
600Mbps
2.4/5GHz
Advantages of Wi-Fi
Freedom You can work from any location
that you can get a signal.
Setup Cost No cabling required.
Flexibility Quick and easy to setup in
temp or permanent space.
Scaleable Can be expanded with growth.
Mobile Access Can access the network on
the move.
Limitations of Wireless
Generally very low transmission rates for
higher numbers of users
Often proprietary, more powerful approaches,
standards are often restricted
Many national regulations, global regulations
are evolving slowly
Restricted frequency range, interferences of
frequencies