Basic Information

on
HIV/AIDS

PARAMJIT SHARMA
Global figures of the HIV Epidemic

Number of people living with HIV/AIDS

Total 37.8 million

Adults 35.7 million
Women 17 million
Children under 15 years 2.1 million
PARAMJIT SHARMA
People newly infected with
HIV in INDIA

Total 5.1 million

Adults 4.2 million
Women 2 million
Children under 15 years 8,00,000

PARAMJIT SHARMA
Global AIDS deaths in 2003

Total 2.9 million

Adults 2.5 million
Women 1.2 million
Children under 15 years 6,10,000

PARAMJIT SHARMA
AIDS deaths cumulative

Total 28.7 million

Children > 5 years 4.3 million
 AIDS Orphans 15 million

PARAMJIT SHARMA
Adults and children estimated to
be living with HIV/AIDS

• North America 980 000

• Caribbean 440 000
• Latin America 1.5 million
• Western Europe 570 000
• Eastern Europe & Central Asia 1.2 mill.
• North Africa & Middle East 550 000
• Sub Saharan Africa 29.4 mil.
• South & South East Asia 6 million
• East Asia & Pacific 1.2 million
• Australia & New Zealand 15000

PARAMJIT SHARMA
The Impact of HIV/AIDS

 World wide HIV/AIDS is the fourth – biggest killer

 Majority of new infection occurs in young adults, with
young women and one-third of those currently living with
HIV/AIDS are aged 15 – 24 years
 About 2.5 million babies have been born with HIV, and
most of them have already died
 Over 15 million children have lost either one or both
parents
 HIV/AIDS reversing the developmental gains seen over
years
contd...
PARAMJIT SHARMA
 Life expectancy in some countries has reduced to 38
years because of HIV, with out it, it could have
been 66 years.

 15 – 49 years age group is worst affected by HIV

 An average of 15 years of working life will be lost

per employee due to AIDS

PARAMJIT SHARMA
Experiences from Some African
Countries
 In 1999, Kenya was loosing about 500 people
to AIDS per day
 South Africa witnessed 1700 new infections a
day in 2001, as much as 13% of the Workforce
was HIV+
 Multinational mining company in SA found in
1999, that one third of the workers between 20-
30 years were infected with HIV.

 contd…
PARAMJIT SHARMA
 Ugandan railways lost about 5600 employees to
AIDS. 15% labour turnover

 40% of the teachers in Zambia are infected and

dying

 10 million children have lost either one or both the

parents

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 Indian Scenario

PARAMJIT SHARMA
Estimates of HIV infection in India

1990 Estimated by 0.05-0.2 million

GPA/WHO
1992 GPA/WHO 1 million
1993 GPA/WHO 2 million
1994 Mid NACO 1.75 million
1996 mid UNAIDS/WHO 2.5 million
1998 NACO 3.5 million
2001 UNAIDS 3.97 million
2002 NACO 4.58 million
2003 NACO 5.1 million
PARAMJIT SHARMA
*
WHAT IS HIV?

H - Human

I - Immunodeficiency

V – Virus

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 WHAT IS HIV?

•Virus found in human beings

•Retro virus –can replicate
•Multiply in Environment- wet and dark
•Virus weaken the immune system
•Once virus enter the body- remain for ever
•HIV Cause Aids

PARAMJIT SHARMA
What is AIDS?

A – Acquired

I – Immune

D – Deficiency

S – Syndrome

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 What is AIDS?
Acquired- it is obtained not hereditary

Immune - system gets weakened

Deficiency- loses its ability to fight infections

Syndrome- it is group of symptoms and variety

of diseases, that attack the human due to
destroyed immune system

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 Modus Operandi Of
HIV
•HIV Attacks white blood cells

•Specifically CD4+ Lymphocytes and Macrophages

•These Cells Recognizes Bacteria in the body

•In HIV CD4+ Lymphocytes are Killed

•Macrophages carry HIV to vital Organs

•Gradually Leads To destruction of System

•Making it susceptible to infection

PARAMJIT SHARMA
CONDITIONS FOR HIV TRANSMISSION

Source Of Infection –
may be present in blood, semen or vaginal fluids
to pass on from one person to another

Port Of Entry
HIV need a way to enter another person’s body

Viral Load
Sufficient quantity of virus in fluids to infect.
Low concentration may not cause infection

Quantum Of Fluids
Quantity and concentration of virus in fluids
Determines the infection
Saliva-small
Blood, semen, vaginal fluids -large

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 Infective fluids

Body fluids containing large viral load

BLOOD
SEMEN
VAGINAL FLUIDS
BREAST MILK
CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDS
AMNIOTIC FLUIDS

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 Infective fluids

High Risk

No Risk
Can not be
Blood Saliva Exchanged
Semen Sweat
Vaginal Fluids Tears Cerebrospinal
Menstrual Blood Skin Oils Fluids
Amniotic Fluids
Breast Milk Urine

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 Routes of Transmission
•Unprotected Sexual contact
with infected person

•Blood Transfusion of infected blood

•Sharing of infected needles/syringes

•From infected mother to child

• During pregnancy
• Delivery
• Breast feeding

PARAMJIT SHARMA
HIV IS NOT TRANSMITTED THROUGH

Shaking Hands, Hugging and Kissing

Sharing Equipments such as
telephones, typewriters, computers
Sharing Utensils
Sharing Toilets
Sneezing or Coughing
Mosquito bite or bite of HIV +
Socializing or casually living with HIV+
Caring & Looking After HIV+
Working With HIV+ Person in a
normal work environment

PARAMJIT SHARMA
STAGES OF INFECTION

•Acute Sero-conversion illness

•Window Period

•Asymptomatic Period

•Symptomatic Period

PARAMJIT SHARMA
1.Acute Sero-conversion Illness

Within 2-6 weeks after infection

an acute illness develops lasting
for 2-3 weeks such as diarrhea,
headache, cough, fever, skin rash,
night sweats, swollen lymph
nodes, joint and muscle pain.

The flue like symptoms disappear

eventually

PARAMJIT SHARMA
2. Window Period

• An individual exposed to HIV does

not become HIV positive
immediately.
• It takes 6 weeks to 6 months for the
antibodies to develop in the human
body.
• Test will not be positive during this
period
• The person can spread the infection
to other during this period
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3. Asymptomatic period

• There is no change in health for

a few years.

• This period varies from few

years upto as many as 12 years

• A person can transmit the

infection to others

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1.Symptomatic Period

• Signs and symptoms start

appearing

• These are Opportunistic

Infections

• There are total of 31 O,is such as

tuberculosis, Candida, herpes
etc.

PARAMJIT SHARMA
SYMPTOMS
Common Symptoms which may vary
From person to person depending on
Individual immunity power
• Dry cough or shortness of breath
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Night Sweat
• Furry white spots in the mouth
• Significant weight loss
• Skin rashes
• Swollen lymph nodes
PARAMJIT SHARMA
WHO GUIDELINES
Major Signs
 Weight loss of over 10% of
body weight
 Fever for longer than one
month
 Diarrhea for longer than
one month

PARAMJIT SHARMA
Minor Signs
 Persistent cough for more
than 1 month
 General itchy skin diseases
 Recurring shingles (herpes
zoster)
 Thrush in the mouth & throat
 Long lasting, spreading &
severe cold stores
 Long lasting swelling of the
lymph glands
 Loss of memory
 Loss of intellectual capacity
 Peripheral nerve damage
PARAMJIT SHARMA
TEST/DIAGNOSIS OF HIV/AIDS

 ELISA (Enzyme linked Immuno-

Sorbent Assay) – common, standard
& highly sensitive test

 Western Blot – similar as above

 SPOT Test (Rapid Test) – 98%

accuracy

 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

- only test for detection of virus & it
tests for HIV genetic material

PARAMJIT SHARMA
 GOVT. GUIDELINES

Purely Voluntary

Pre & Post-test Counseling

Kept confidential

Facility available in Voluntary

Counseling & Testing Centres(VCTCs)

PARAMJIT SHARMA
PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS

• Through safe sexual mode

• Not Sharing contaminated
needles/syringes
• Testing before Transfusion of
Infected blood
• Prevention from Parent to child
• Get yourself Tested
PARAMJIT SHARMA
Thanks

PARAMJIT SHARMA