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Rising limb of
current breaks the
Ocean crust
Basaltic eruption
Accumulation of
lava ridge =>
MOR
New Oceanic crust
Divergent limb
expansion of ocean
crust
Trenches
MOR - Trench
At trench Ocean
floor destroyed
melted in mantle
Oceanic crust
heavier than
continental crust
Ocean floor act
like conveyor belt
Ocean floor
cyclic process
300 ml yrs
Mariana trench
Questio
n
UPSC
Prelims
2006
Diamantine trench
Palaeo-magentism
Magnetism of
rocks along MOR
Magnetometer
-Magnetic parallel
stripes normal
and reverse
magnetic profile
1st Carlsberg ridge
Indian ocean
Geomagnetism
Palaeo-magentism
Vine and mattheus
Molten lava get
polarity
geomagnetic field
of that period
-Solidify
Ocean floor
magnetic tape
Palaeo-magnetism
conclusion
1) Periodic reversal of magnetic field of
the earth
2) Rate of sea-floor spreading decided by
age + distance between two equal
magnetic stripes
Atlantic 1.0 cm/ year
Indian 1.5 cm/year
Pacific 6.0 cm/year
Continental drift
3 Theories
Unanswered questions
Formation of fold mountains?
Reason for earth quake?
Reason for volcanism on land?
Plates
Crust and upper part of
mantle => lithosphere
Asthenosphere =
unique mechanical
rigidity, semi-molten,
plastic
Lithosphere float over
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere is not
continuous, broken,
known as plates
plates
J.T Wilson termed
Plate (litho,
100km)
3 types of plates:
Entirely oceanic,
entirely continental
and both
continental and
oceanic
6 major and 20
minor plates
Mantle Olivine
highly
fluid
Heavie
st
Oceani Basalt
Fluid
c crust
Heavy
Contin Andesite less
ental
mobile
crust
Lighter
geomor
ph
Fundam
ental
Rocks
Plate Interactions
Divergent Boundary
Knot of Plates
Knot of plates
African lakes
River Nile
Locations in Africa
Nubian desert
Eastern desert
Namib desert
Lake Victoria
Lake Malawi
Lake Turkana
Lake chad
River Congo
River Niger
Mt. Kilimanjaro
Katanga plateau
Grain coast
Ivory coast
Gold coast
Slave coast
Darfur
Questio
n
UPSC
Prelims
2000
Convergent
Plate Boundary
O-O
O-O convergence
Island Arc
Islands in S E
Asia
Indo- Austral
plate and
Eurasian plate
movement
Volcano + EQ
Q. Explain the
formation of thousands
of islands in Indonesia
and Philippines
archipelago? (10)
Questio
n
UPSC
Mains
2014
Convergent
Plate Boundary
O-O
O-C convergence
Volcanic Mountains
EX.
Andes ,
Rockies,
Atlas
mountain
From Andes
=>
andesitic
rocks
Volcano +
EQ
Atacama desert
Bolivian plateau
Lake Titicaca
Mt. Aconcagua (highest peak)
Mt. Cotopaxi
Mt. Chimbrazo
Lake Maracaibo
Questio
Q. Where is the volcanic
n
mountain. Mount. St.
UPSC
Helens is located?
a) Chile
b) Japan
c) Philippines
d) USA
Ans. D)
Prelims
2005
Questio
n
UPSC
Mains
2014
Convergent
Plate Boundary
O-O
C-C convergence
Continental Mountains
Not located
on coast
No volcanism
But powerful
EQ
Ex.
Himalayas,
Alps, Urals
Himalayan formation
2. C-C convergence
1. O-C convergence
Karakoram range
Bosporus strait
Cities of Europe
City
Paris
Frankfurt
Venice
Vienna,
Budapest,
Belgrade
Kiev
Berlin
River
Seine
Rhine
Po
Danube
Dniester
Elbe
Transform Boundary
When two plates
slip pass-off each
other
No mountains but
seismic activity
San Andreas fault
in California, USA
Continental drift
3 Theories
Questio
n
UPSC
Prelims
2011
Landforms on earth
Types of mountains
Fold mountains
Mountains created
due to convergent
boundaries of both
1) O-C (Rockies, Andes)
2) C-C (Himalayas,
Alps)
Compressive forces of
plates
)Youngest mountains
on earth
Geomor
ph
Fold
mountai
ns
Geo-syncline
Elongated, narrow
depression on
continental
margins
Here sediments
from both land
and ocean
accumulate
Under intense
pressure,
sediments of geosyncline folded
C-C collision
Sediments from
continental
crusts of both
plates + geosyncline folded
Because of
sediments of
geo-syncline
marine origin
Alaska range
Rockies
Andes
Atlas mountains
Pyrenees
Caucasus
Taurus
Elburz and
Zagros
9) Hindukush
10) Kirthar range
11) Kunlun Shan
12) Urals mountains
13) Appalachian
mountains
14) Great Dividing
Range
Types of mountains
Block mountains
Fault-block mt.
Due to forces within
interior of the earth
Uplifted part = horst
depressed part =
Grabben
Horst => block
mountains
Grabben => rift
valley
Raised land
during
Plateaus
mountains
building
Meaning:
process
Table land,
Eroded
upland,
mountains
higher than
Eroded
due
surrounding
to glaciers
areas
Deposition
from lava,
Types of plateau
Continental plateau
Intermontane plateau
Bolivia plateau
Tibetan plateau
Columbia plateau
Colorado plateau
Anatolia Plateau
(Turkey)
Deccan plateau
Katanga plateau
Ozark plateau
(USA)
Ethiopian
highland
Lava
Types
of
Plateau
plateau
Glacial
Columbiaplateau
snake
plateau
Grahwal
(USA)
plateau
Deccan
Laurentian
Plateau
plateau
Shan
(Canada)
plateau
Katanga Plateau
Origin of River
Congo and
Zambezi
Dense equatorial
forest
Known for
resources
- Gold, diamonds,
Copper
Batholith
Granite
Less mobile,
cannot
move
upward
Backbone of
fold
mountains
Plains
Meaning
Flat areas with low
heights
Best for human
habitation
Most populated
areas of the world
alluvial plains of
rivers
Depositional plains
- Rivers
- Sea (sub-merged
coast)
Erosional plains
- Erosion of plateau
Indus
Amaz Mississippi
on
Missouri
Paran Colorado
aParag
uay
Rhon Niger
St. Lawrence
e
Po
Zam
Yukon
bezi
Danu Nile
be
Ganga
Rhine Cong
Brahmaputra
o
Yangtze
(China)
Hwang He
(China)
Important locations
Lake Van,
Lake Urmia
Important centers in Iraq:
Baghdad, Mosul, Kirkuk, Al Basra
Mississippi , USA