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EXPECTATIONS
1. Dont talk when the teacher is
talking
2. Respect others in the classroom
3. Ask questions if you are unsure
4. Complete all homework on time
Forces
Calculate the
forces acting on
an object
ALL Calculate the
resultant force
acting on an object
MOST Describe
the effect of a
resultant force on
stationary and
moving objects
SOME Use the
equation F=m x a
to calculate the
forces on an object
Starter
Find the
definition of a
resultant force
using the
textbook
Forces
A force can be simply
described as either a
Watch the following
push or a pull. Forces
video and think
are measured in
about the forces that
are occurringNewtons (N)
between the car and
the wall
1 Newton is the force
http://
required to
www.youtube.com/w
accelerate a 1kg
atch?v=6dI5ewOmHP
mass by 1m/s.
Q
Resultant force
Task
Complete the (very simple!) worksheet
on calculating resultants and stick it into
your books!
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
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Effects of forces 1
What is the resultant
force on this book?
Effects of forces 2
Task
Stationary
object
Zero
resultant
force
Non-zero
resultant
force
Moving
object
Calculating forces
F=mxa
F = force (N)
m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration
(m/s2)
F
mxa
Example 1
A car of mass 400kg is accelerating at 5m/s2. What is
the driving force produced by the engine?
Example 2
A novice skier is being pulled along a horizontal
section of a nursery slope. Given that her acceleration
of 1.3m/s2 is provided by a force of 70N, calculate her
mass.
Example 3
A man pushes a car with a force of 200N along a
straight horizontal road. He manages to accelerate the
car by 0.1m/s. Find the mass of the car.
Task
Complete the questions on calculating
forces on the worksheet, showing your
working out for each one. Stick the
worksheet into your book when you are
done.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
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Graphs of motion
Starter
Brain teaser!
Understand how
to draw and
interpret graphs
of motion
ALL Draw
distance and
velocity-time
graphs
MOST Describe
the motion of an
object using
distance and
velocity-time
Graphs of motion
Graphs of motion are
a visual
representation of the
motion of a body
They can either show
the change in
displacement or
change in velocity
of an object
Mini-plenary
1. Usain Bolt ran the 100m race in London 2012
in approximately 9.6 seconds. He ran the first
20m in approximately 2.7 seconds after
accelerating and running the final 80m in 6.9
seconds. It took him 20 metres to come to a
stop, which he covered in 5 seconds. Draw a
distance-time graph to show this journey.
2. Explain what a horizontal line on a distancetime graph represents
Extension:
What do you think the steepness of a line on
a distance-time graph represents?
Change in
y
Change in
x
y
x
Task
1. Complete the summary sheet on distance-time
graphs and stick it into your book
2. Complete the exam questions on distance-time
graphs
Homework
Create a graph of motion of your journey
into school! It doesnt have to be
accurate, an estimate will do!
I
understood
everything!
I
understood
most of
todays
work
I need more
help to
understand
todays work
Graphs of motion II
Starter
Brain teaser!
Understand how
to draw and
interpret graphs
of motion
ALL Draw
distance and
velocity-time
graphs
MOST Describe
the motion of an
object using
distance and
velocity-time
Graphs of motion II
Last lesson, we
learnt how to draw
distance-time
graphs
This lesson, we will
learn how to draw
velocity-time
graphs
Task
Answer the following questions in your books:
1. What does a horizontal line on a velocity-time
graph represent?
2. How do you know if an object has stopped by
looking at the velocity-time graph?
3. How can you tell if an object is accelerating
using a velocity time graph?
4. Draw the velocity-time graph for the following
journey:
0-10s = 50m/s
10-25s = 0m/s
25-50s = 60m/s
50-80s = acceleration to 80m/s
Acceleration
Acceleration
Acceleration can be calculated using the
following equation:
Change in
Acceleration
velocity
Time
=
taken
Final velocity initial
Acceleration velocity
Time taken
=
va=
ut
a = acceleration (m/s2)
v = final velocity (m/s)
u = initial velocity (m/s)
t = time (s)
Example 1
A car accelerates from a velocity of 10m/s to a velocity
of 25m/s in 15 seconds. What is the acceleration of the
car?
Example 2
A runner starts at rest and accelerates to a top speed
of 10m/s. If he does this in 2 seconds, what is his
acceleration?
Example 3
A train accelerates at 2m/s for 30 seconds. If its initial
velocity was 10m/s, calculate what the final velocity
will be after 30 seconds.
Task
1. What is the acceleration of a car that starts at rest
and reaches a top speed of 50m/s in 25 seconds?
2. A plane starts at rest. It takes 8 seconds to take off
and accelerates at a constant rate of 10m/s. What
is the final take-off velocity of the aircraft?
3. A runner starting at rest reaches a speed of 11m/s
in 2.2 seconds during the drive phase of his 100m
sprint. What is his acceleration during this phase?
Assuming that his speed remains constant for the
rest of the race, sketch the velocity-time graph for
his journey
4. A car accelerates at 5m/s for 12 seconds,
reaching a final velocity of 80m/s. What was the
cars initial velocity before it started accelerating?
Change in
y
Change in
x
y
x
Task
Answer the exam questions on velocitytime graphs. Stick the questions into your
books when you are done.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
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Minutes
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Starter
Make a spider
diagram of the
factors that would
affect the maximum
speed of a car
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
FACTORS
THAT AFFECT
TOP SPEED
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
Streamlining
Most of the
resistance forces
that act on a car are
due to air
resistance.
Streamlining a car
will increase the top
speed, even if the
engine is giving the
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
Stopping distance
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
Thinking distance
The thinking distance is the distance
travelled by the vehicle in the time it takes
for the driver to react
alcohol
tiredness
spee
d
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
Stopping distance
The stopping distance is the distance
travelled by the vehicle during the time
the braking force acts
weather
condition of road
speed
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
Braking force
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
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LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
LO: understand the factors that affect the stopping distance of a car
QWC Practice
A local authority is worried about the number of
road deaths occurring in the area. They have
imposed a ban on mobile phones while driving,
imposed a speed limit of 30mph and installed
speed cameras. Explain how the changes may
5-6 marks criteria:
lead to fewer people being hit by cars.
Knowledge
of accurate information appropriately
contextualised
Detailed understanding, supported by relevant
evidence and examples
Answer is coherent and in an organised, logical
sequence, containing a wide range of appropriate
or relevant specialist terms used accurately
The answer shows almost faultless spelling,
punctuation and grammar.
Terminal velocity
Understand what
is meant by
terminal velocity
ALL state the
definition of terminal
velocity
MOST Describe
the motion of an
object moving
through a fluid
SOME explain the
forces that are
acting on an object
when it is travelling
at terminal velocity
Starter
Answer the exam
question on stopping
distances
What is happening?
The graph below shows the velocity-time profile for a skydiver
falling through the air. Discuss with the people on your pod what
you think is happening and why. Think about the forces that are
involved at each stage
Moving in a fluid
Lets think about what
happens when an object
moves through a fluid by
considering a skydiver
When the skydiver FIRST
jumps out of the aircraft,
gravity causes him to
accelerate.
The acceleration is a
constant so the line on v-t
graph will have an
unchanging steepness at
Moving in a fluid
As the speed of the skydiver
increases, the air
resistance on him
increases.
The increased air resistance
causes his acceleration to
decrease. However, his
velocity is still increasing
i.e. hes speeding up slower
than before, but hes NOT
slowing down.
Moving in a fluid
After a certain amount of
time, the weight of the
skydiver and the air
resistance on the skydiver
will be balanced.
At this point, the skydiver
will be moving at a
constant velocity. This is
the MAXIMUM velocity it is
possible for him to move
with and is known as the
TERMINAL VELOCITY.
Moving in a fluid
The process that we have just
considered is relevant for ANY
object that is moving in a fluid
e.g. a car driving along a road,
a plane flying at 2000ft, a
submarine underwater etc.
Moving in a fluid
The factors that will
increase/decrease the
terminal velocity of an
object are:
The driving force that
the object can generate
How streamlined the
object is
The fluid that the object
is travelling through
Task
Draw a comic strip to explain
how the velocity of a skydiver
will change as they fall through
the sky. Use the following
keywords in your comic strip:
Gravity, weight, air
resistance, accelerate,
resultant force, zero
A/A* task:
Extend your comic strip to the
point where the skydiver opens
their parachute. What effect
will this have on the force on
the skydiver and their terminal
Calculating weight
The weight of an object is
the force that acts on an
object due to gravity. It can
be calculated using the
following equation:
W=mxg
W = weight (Newtons)
M = mass (kg)
g = gravitational field
strength (N/kg)
g has a value of 9.81 on
Task
Use the equation to find the
weight of the following
objects on earth:
1. A car of mass 2000kg
2. A person of mass 70kg
3. A football of mass 500g
4. A tennis ball of mass
0.1kg
5. A building of mass
1000,000kg
g is 9.81N/kg on earth
The gravitational field
strength on the moon is
Practical - Parachutes
Aim: To make the best possible parachute using a
very limited set of resources
Equipment:
Two plastic bags
Sellotape
40cm of string
Polystyrene cup
Your parachutes will be holding a 200g mass in
the cup. Whichever parachute takes the longest
to fall down the steps will be the winner!
Plenary
Answer the exam questions on terminal velocity. Stick
them into your books when you are done.
Plenary
Write down that the questions should be that go with
these answers:
1. It tells you the speed that a molecule is travelling
with
2. You can calculate it by working out the total area
underneath the line
3. It is the maximum velocity that an object is able to
achieve
4. It is the one force that gives the same effect as all
the other forces acting on an object
5. It is the distance that an object moves when the
brake force is applied
6. It is sum of the thinking distance and the braking
Starter
What is the question?
Changing shape
When a force is applied to an object, it may
accelerate. However, a second effect that the
force may cause is a change in shape of the
object
Stretching objects
Practical - Springs
Aim: To determine a relationship between force
applied and extension of a spring
Method:
Measure the initial length of your spring when
unstretched
Attach the spring to a clamp stand
Put a 10g weight onto the spring
Measure the extension of the spring
Repeat the experiment adding 10g each time
Measure your results on a results table
Plot your results when you are finished and draw a
line of best fit
Conclusion
Using your graph, what can you
conclude about the relationship
between force and extension?
Using your graph, calculate the
extension when the force applied is:
23g
42g
70g
Material properties
The same process
that you have just
done is done on
all materials to
find out their
characteristics
Most materials
have a range
where the force
and extension are
proportional
Material properties
Beyond a point, the
material will start to
show plastic
behaviour.
A small increase in
force will give a
large increase in
extension. The
deformation will be
irreversible (the
material will not go
back to the original
shape when the
Hookes Law
Hookes law states
that:
The extension of an
object is directly
proportional to the
force that is applied
to it provided that
the limit of
proportionality is
not exceeded
Hookes Law
Hookes law can be
written as:
F=kxe
F = Force (N)
k = spring constant
(N/m)
e = extension (m)
Task
Answer the following questions in your exercise books:
1. Calculate the spring constant for the spring that
you did the experiment with
2. A spring is loaded with a force of 50N four times.
The spring shows extensions of 0.23m, 0.25m,
0.25m and 0.24m. Calculate the spring constant for
this spring
3. For the spring in the question above, calculate the
force when the extension of the spring is 100cm.
4. A second spring is loaded with 100N. It shows an
extension of 60cm. What is the difference between
the spring constants of the two springs?
5. What would be the force required to extend the
second spring by 0.45m?
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
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Homework
You will have a test on next lesson on
everything that you have learnt so far for
this topic. Your homework is to revise in
preparation for this test.
Starter
Make a spider
diagram of all the
different forms of
energy that you
know
FORMS OF
ENERGY
What is work?
An object is said to have done WORK
when it transfers (uses) energy
Calculating work
The work done by an object is equal
to the amount of energy that it
transfers
W = work done(J)
f = force (N)
d = distance(m)
Example 1
An object of weight 40N is raised by a height of
0.4m. Calculate the work done in raising the
object.
Example 2
2000J of energy is transferred by a sprinter as he runs
a distance of 100m. Calculate the force that is
exerted by the sprinter as he is running.
Example Questions
1. What is the definition of work done?
2. What is the unit for energy?
3. The engine of a car exerts a force of 750N. How
much energy would be transferred by the engine if
the car moved a distance of 100m?
4. An object of weight 50N is raised by a height of
200cm. What is the work done in raising the object?
5. 700J of energy is used by a person to move a
distance of 10m. What is the force exerted by the
person as they walk the distance?
6. Object A has a weight of 200N. Object B has a
weight of 350N. If 1000J of energy is used to
raise each object, which object will gain the
most height?
Calculating power
Power is the amount of work
done/energy transferred in a given
time
Example 1
An object of weight 700N is raised by a height of
2m in a time of four seconds. Calculate the work
done in raising the object and the power.
Practical - Power
Aim: To calculate the power required for you to
run up the stairs
Method:
1.Work out your weight (your mass x 9.81)
2.Run up the stairs as fast as you can
3. Work out the energy transferred as you run up
the stairs (your weight x height of stairs)
4. Work out your power (work done / time)
The boy and girl who have the highest
power will win 40vivos each!
Example Questions
1. A car engine transfers 3000J in 20 seconds.
What is the power generated by the engine?
2. 400J of energy is transferred in raising an object
in 1 minute. What is the power?
3. A kettle has a power rating of 2000W. How
much work is done by the kettle in boiling water
in 40 seconds?
4. A student of weight 500N transfers 2000J
whilst running up some stairs. She
reaches the top of the stairs in 3 seconds.
How high are the stairs and what is her
power?
5. A sprinter can generate 150W whilst
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
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Gravitational Potential
the
EnergyUnderstand
nature of
gravitational
potential energy
Gravitation
x
al
height
Field
GPE
=mx
strength
gxh
GPE = gravitational
potential energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
g = gravitational field
strength (N/kg)
h = height (m)
Example 1
An object of mass 10kg is raised by a height of
20m. What is the gravitational potential energy of
the object?
Example 2
An object gains gravitational potential energy of
300J. If the mass of the object is 3kg, what is the
height that the object has been raised?
Practical - GPE
Aim: To calculate the gravitational potential
energy of a bouncy ball
Method:
1. Measure the initial height of the ball
2. Calculate the initial gravitational potential
energy
3. Drop the ball and measure the height it
reaches at each successive bounce for 5
bounces
4. Calculate the gravitational potential energy of
the ball for each bounce
5. Repeat the process on a different surface
Practical - GPE
Plot a line graph of your results
(GPE on the y axis and bounce on x
axis).
Why does the gravitational potential
energy reduce each time the ball
bounces? Where is the energy
transferred?
What is the best surface to bounce
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
C
Start Timer
10
10
Minutes
8
2
0
Kinetic Energy
Understand the
nature of kinetic
energy
ALL state the
definitions of kinetic
energy
MOST Calculate
the kinetic energy of
objects
SOME Explain the
factors that will
affect the kinetic
energy of an object
Kinetic energy
All objects
that are
moving have
kinetic energy!
Kinetic energy
KE = x m
x v
KE = kinetic energy
(J)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
Example 1
An object has a mass of 2kg and is moving with a
velocity of 5m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the
object?
Example 2
An object of mass 300g has 600J of kinetic
energy. How fast is the object moving?
Example questions
1. What is the equation that is used to calculate
the kinetic energy of an object?
2. Calculate the kinetic energy of an object of
mass 500g that is moving with a velocity of
20m/s
3. A car of mass 500kg is a moving with a
velocity of 10m/s. It accelerates to a velocity
of 15m/s. What is the KE of the object before
and after it accelerates?
4. A sprinter has kinetic energy of 1000J and a
mass of 68kg. How fast is the sprinter
running?
5. A ball of mass of 0.5kg is dropped from a
Plenary
Add to the spider diagram that you made at
the beginning of the lesson. Add everything
that you have learnt about energy, work,
power, GPE and KE.
Momentum
Starter
Bingo
Understand what
is meant by
momentum
ALL state the
definition of
momentum
MOST perform
calculations for
momentum
SOME Explain
what is meant by
the conservation of
momentum
BINGO
ENERGY KEGPETHINKING
POWER JOULESDISTANCE
TERMINAL
BRAKING
FORCE
VELOCITY
DISTANCE
METRES DISTANCE
Momentum
ALL MOVING
OBJECTS
HAVE
MOMENTUM!
Momentum
P=mxv
P = momentum
(kgm/s)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
Example question 1
An object of mass 300g is moving with velocity of
5m/s. What is its momentum?
Example question 2
An object has momentum of 50kgm/s. If the
object has a mass of 25kg, what is its velocity?
Example questions
1.What is the momentum of a bullet of mass 50g
travelling at 300 m/s?
2.What is the momentum of a dog (mass 12 kg)
fired out of a canon at 120 m/s?
3.Calculate the momentum of a 65 kg sprinter
when travelling at 9.5 ms-1.
4.Calculate the velocity of a car of mass 700 kg
that has the same momentum as the sprinter
in Q3
5.A body has a mass of 2.5 kg. Calculate:
Its momentum when it has a velocity of 3.0
m/s
Its velocity when it has a momentum of
Conservation of momentum
In a closed system, the total
momentum before an event
and the total momentum
after an event are the same.
This is called conservation
of momentum.
Events you may be asked
about in your exams are:
Collisions
Explosions
Example 1
A railway engine of mass 800kg travelling at 5m/s
collides with and becomes attached to a truck of mass
200kg travelling at 2m/s. Calculate the speed of the
truck and engine after the collision
Example 2
A 0.5kg trolley is pushed at a velocity of 1.2m/s into a
stationary trolley of mass 1.5kg. The two trolleys stick
to each other after the impact. Calculate:
The momentum of the 0.5kg trolley before the
collision
The velocity of the two trolleys straight after the
impact
Task
Answer the exam questions on
momentum and energy. Stick the
questions into your book when you are
done!
Explain how
safety features
on a car work
ALL State some
car safety features
MOST Describe
the energy
transfers during
braking
SOME Explain
how safety features
on a car work
Starter
Car
safety
feature
s
Static Electricity
To understand
static electricity
ALL State some
methods of creating
static electricity
MOST Describe
the structure of an
atom
SOME Explain
what happens when
static electricity is
created
Structure of an atom
All matter is made up
of atoms
However, an atoms is
NOT the smallest unit
of matter like you
might have been
previously taught
Atoms of themselves
made of smaller
particles
Structure of an atom
HTTP://WWW.YOUTU
BE.COM/WATCH?V=C
7SSHJHPCJO
Knowledge check
Copy the true sentences and change
the false sentences to make them
true:
1. Crumple zones help to absorb the
gravitational potential energy of a car
2. Like charges attract
3. Opposite charges attract
4. A polythene rod becomes negatively
charged if rubbed by a dry cloth
5. Atoms are made of protons, neutron
and smurfs
Electrical circuits
To understand
how to create
electrical circuits
ALL State the
difference between
series and parallel
circuits
MOST Identify
key circuit
components
SOME Perform
calculations to find
the current in a
Key definitions
When considering electricity, we will usually use
three key terms:
1) Current: This is the flow of electric charges
around a circuit. The size of the current is
dependent on the rate of flow of electric
charges
2) Potential Difference (Voltage): The
potential difference between two points is the
work done per unit charge between two points
3) Resistance: This is the resistance to the flow
of electrons around a circuit
Calculating current
I = Q/t
I = Current (Amps, A)
Q = Charge
(Coulombs, c)
t = Time (s)
Example question 1
Calculate the current when 4C passes a
point in 8 seconds
Example question 2
An ammeter is records a current of 8A.
Calculate how much charge is passing
through the ammeter in 10 seconds.
Task
1. What is the current when 20C of charge pass
through an ammeter in 2minutes?
2. A battery can produce 20A of current. How
much charge does it discharge in 30s?
3. Another battery can produce a charge of 30A.
How long will this battery be running before it
has discharge the same amount of charge as
the battery in Q2?
4. A car engine requires a battery that can
produce a current of 40A to start. A mechanic
places a battery that can discharge 100C in
30s into a car. Will this battery be good
enough to start the car? Why?
Calculating voltage
V = W/Q
V = Voltage (Volts, V)
W = Work done
(Joules, J)
Q = Charge
(Coulombs, c)
Example question 1
A battery transfers 30J for every coulomb
of charge that passes through the battery.
What is the potential difference of the
battery?
Example question 2
A battery has a voltage rating of 40V. How
much energy is transferred by the battery
if 20C of charge pass through the battery?
Task
1. What is the voltage of a battery if it transfers
40J of energy for every 10C that pass through
it?
2. A builder requires a 400V battery to power
his pneumatic drill. He is told that a battery
transfers 1000J for every 3C of charge that
pass through it. Will this battery be good
enough? Why?
3. How much energy would the battery in the
question above need to transfer for every 3C
to have a voltage of 400V?
4. Battery A has a rating of 300V. Battery B has
a rating of 500V. What is the difference in the
NO MORE CALCULATIONS
Circuit symbols
Series circuits
IN A SERIES CIRCUIT, EVERYTHING IS
CONNECTED END TO END. THERE IS NO
PLACE FOR THE CURRENT TO SPLIT IN
THE CIRCUIT.
Tips for constructing circuits:
1. Make sure your circuit is complete
2. Make sure that ammeters are connected
in series
3. Make sure that voltmeters are connected
in parallel
Parallel circuits
IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT, THERE ARE
BRANCHES THAT SEPERATE THE CIRCUIT
INTO SMALLER CIRCUITS. THERE IS
MORE THAN ONE PATH FOR THE
CURRENT TO TAKE.
Tips for constructing circuits:
1. Make sure your circuit is complete
2. Make sure that ammeters are connected
in series
3. Make sure that voltmeters are connected
in parallel
Knowledge Check
What I
enjoyed/le
arnt in
todays
lesson
Current-Voltage
relationships
To understand the
relationship between
current and voltage
ALL State the
relationship between
current and voltage in a
circuit
MOST Perform
calculations to find
resistance
SOME Explain why
certain components will
not follow Ohms law
Recap
In the last lesson, we
made a graph for the
current and voltage
through a resistor. The
graph that we produced
looked like the one to
the right. What does that
tell us?
Ohms Law
Ohms Law states that
the current through a
resistor is proportional to
the potential difference
provided the
temperature is
constant
Ohms Law
V = IR
V = Voltage
(V)
I = Current
(A)
R=
Resistance
Ohms Law 1
Calculate the potential difference across a 4
resistor when the current through it is 10A.
Ohms Law 2
The potential difference across a 30 is 20V.
What is the current through the resistor?
Task
Calculate:
1. The resistance of a bulb if the current is 0.5
A and the potential difference across the
bulb is 2 V.
2. The potential difference across a bulb if the
resistance of the bulb is 3 and the
current flowing is 2 A
3. The potential difference across a resistor of
5 with a current of 1.5 A.
4. The total resistance of a circuit if the
potential difference across the cell is 12V
and the current is 3 A.
Non-Ohmic Components1
Non-Ohmic Components2
An LED does not
follow Ohms law
and will only light
up when current to
flows through in
the right direction.
If current tries to
flow in the other
direction it
Non-Ohmic Components2
An LDR is a
component whose
resistance
decreases as the
light intensity that
falls on it
increases
Where would this
be useful?
Non-Ohmic Components3
A thermistor is a component
whose resistance decreases when
the temperature increases. Where
would this be useful?
Plenary
Write a rap/rhyme about all
you have learnt in this
lesson. Try to include as
many of the following
words in your rap as
possible!
Ohms Law
Thermistor
LED
LDR
Filament lightbulb
Describe features
of mains
electricity
ALL State what
features of mains
electricity
MOST Describe
how to wire a plug
SOME Explain
how fuses and
circuit breakers
work
KEYWORDS:
Live, neutral ,
Starter
MAINS
ELECTRIC
ITY
AC vs DC
If you turn on any
battery powered
device the electricity
will only ever flow in
one direction.
This is called
DIRECT CURRRENT
(d.c.) as the
electricity goes
AC vs DC
However, the same
isnt true for mains
electricity. Mains
electricity uses
ALTERNATING
CURRENT (a.c.)
which repeatedly
flows in one direction
and then reverses its
flow. The frequency
Key points
1. Mains electricity
uses a.c.
2. Mains electricity
is at 230V
3. Mains electricity
has a frequency
of 50Hz. This
means it changes
direction 50
times in one
Earthing
Components are earthed
to make sure you dont get
an electric shock if the live
wire accidentally touches
the casing. The electricity
will flow harmlessly
through the earth wire
instead of through you
when you touch the
casing.
However, appliances with
plastic cases (hairdryers
Earthing
Plastic is an insulator, so
there is no danger if the
live wire touches the
casing. Therefore, these
appliances are supplied
with two-core cables
instead of three-core
cables i.e. they dont have
earth wires because they
dont need them
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
C
B
A
Start Timer
10
10
Minutes
8
2
0
Fuses
A fuse is a component
that has a wire
running through it
made of a different
material/thickness
than the rest of the
circuit. It is designed
to stop current that is
too high flowing
through it.
Fuses
Fuses have a rating based
on the amount of current
they will allow through. For
example, a 13A fuse will
allow a maximum of 13
amps of current to flow
through. If MORE than this
tries to flow through, the
wire heats up and melts,
breaking the circuit and
Advantages/
protecting
the appliance
Disadvantages?
Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are fitted
in newer homes. They
measure the difference in
current in the live and
neutral wires. If the
difference is too great, an
electromagnetic switch
opens (trips) which stops
the flow of current. They
work a lot faster than fuses
Advantages/
and
can be reset easily
Disadvantages?
Circuit Breakers
Knowledge check
Copy the true sentences and change the
false sentences to make them true:
1. The earth wire in a three-core cable is usually
brown
2. Appliances with metal casings are supplied
with three-core cables
3. Fuses stop current flowing through a circuit
by melting when the current flowing through
them is above a certain value
4. A circuit breaker works by monitoring the
difference in current between the live and
earth wire
5. Mains electricity uses direct current at 100Hz.
QWC Practice
Using as much detail as possible, explain
how fuses and circuit breakers work to
protect people and appliances. Which, in
your opinion, is the better choice for
5-6 marks
criteria:
installation
into a home and why?
Calculating power
P=VxI
P = Power
(w)
V = Voltage
(V)
I = Current
(A)
Example 1
Calculate the power of a bulb if it is supplied
with a potential difference of 230V and the
current flowing through it is 0.4A
Example 2
A kettle has a power rating of 1000W. If it is
supplied with a potential difference of 230V,
what is the current flowing through it?
Example questions
1. A light bulb is connected to a 2V supply and
experiences a current of 6.4A. What is the power
rating of the bulb?
2. A kettle has a power rating of 1500w. What is the
potential difference that it must be supplied with
to have a current flowing through it of 30A?
3. A student attaches a 10V supply to a bulb with a
power rating of 100w. What is the current running
through the bulb?
4. The student now connect a 25w bulb to the same
supply. What is the difference between the
current going through this bulb compared to the
100w bulb?
5. Bulb A transfers 1000J in 10seconds. Bulb B
Calculating energy
E=VxQ
E = Energy transferred
(Joules, J)
V = Voltage (Volts, V)
Q = Charge (Coulombs, c)
Example question 1
A battery transfers 30J for every coulomb
of charge that passes through the battery.
What is the potential difference of the
battery?
Example question 2
A battery has a voltage rating of 40V. How
much energy is transferred by the battery
if 20C of charge pass through the battery?
Task
1. What is the voltage of a battery if it transfers
40J of energy for every 10C that pass through
it?
2. A builder requires a 400V battery to power
his pneumatic drill. He is told that a battery
transfers 1000J for every 3C of charge that
pass through it. Will this battery be good
enough? Why?
3. How much energy would the battery in the
question above need to transfer for every 3C
to have a voltage of 400V?
4. Battery A has a rating of 300V. Battery B has
a rating of 500V. What is the difference in the
BINGO
POWERBROWNCIRCUIT
BREAKER
GREEN BLUE
WATTS
LIVE3-CORE
JOULES
FUSE
2-CORE
NEUTRAL
Radioactivity
Starter
Draw a diagram to show
what the atom looks like,
highlighting where you
would find protons,
neutrons and electrons
Understand the
nature of
radioactive decay
ALL State the
structure of an
atom
MOST Describe
how the structure
of an atom was
found
SOME Describe
the nature and
EYWORDS: protons, neutrons, electrons,
penetration of
Rutherford, ion, alpha, beta gamma
different kinds of
Relative
charge
+1
0
-1
Relative
mass
1
1
1/2000
Relative sizes
Which is which?
Example 1
Calculate the following quantities for the element
below
(i) Atomic number
(ii) Mass number
(iii) Number of protons
(iv)Number of electrons
(v) Number of neutrons
Example 2
Calculate the following quantities for the element
below
(i) Atomic number
(ii) Mass number
(iii) Number of protons
Task
Use your periodic table to find the following
quantities for: nitrogen, oxygen, iron,
platinum, gold, lead, mercury,
potassium, calcium, phosphorus, argon,
xenon
(i) Atomic number
(ii) Mass number
(iii)Number of protons
(iv)Number of electrons
(v) Number of neutrons
If the numbers are decimals, round them
Enter Rutherford
Read through the worksheet on the work of
Ernest Rutherford. Highlight the key pieces
of information and think about what the
conclusions could be for each of the
observations that he made.
Enter Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford fired alpha particles
at gold foil. Alpha particles have a
positive charge and he expected them
to go through the particle, with a small
amount of deviation from their path
Conclusions
Conclusions
Some of the alpha particles
were deflected back
through large angles. A
very small number of alpha
particles were deflected
backwards!
SUGGESTS THAT THERE IS
Conclusions
A very small number of
alpha particles were
deflected backwards!
SUGGESTS THAT THE
CONCENTRATED MASS IS
MINISCULE COMPARED TO
THE SIZE OF THE REST OF
Types of Radiation
There are three different kinds of radiation. Each
one has a unique nature and penetration
Name
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Composit Charge
ion
Penetra
tion
Extra
Info
Types of Radiation
There are three different kinds of radiation. Each
one has a unique nature and penetration
Alpha radiation:
This particle is made up
of two protons and two
neutrons (i.e. a Helium
nucleus). It has a charge
of +2 and moves slowly
because of its large
mass. It can be stopped
by a few cm of air or by a
Types of Radiation
There are three different kinds of radiation. Each
one has a unique nature and penetration
Beta radiation:
During beta radiation, a neutron
turns into a proton inside the
nucleus and gives off an electron,
which is fired from the nucleus.
The electron is small and light and
so moves very fast! Beta particles
can be stopped by a thin sheet of
aluminium
Types of Radiation
There are three different kinds of radiation. Each
one has a unique nature and penetration
Gamma radiation:
Homework
Use the book spread to create a leaflet about the
uses and dangers of radioactive substances.
Focus on the specific uses of alpha, beta and
gamma radiation and also their specific dangers.
5, 5, 1
Summarise todays topic in 5
sentences.
Reduce to 5 words.
Now to 1 word.
Radioactivity II
Starter
Draw a spider diagram
showing what you know
about alpha, beta and
gamma radiation
Understand the
nature of nuclear
fusion and fission
ALL State the
definition of an
isotope
MOST Describe
the processes of
fusion and fission
SOME Explain the
design of fusion
reactors
Isotopes
The diagram below shows three
isotopes of hydrogen. What is the same
and different for each isotope of
hydrogen?
Isotopes
An isotope of an element has the
same number of protons and
neutrons as the original, but a
different number of neutrons.
Radioactivity of a substance
Radioactivity of a substance
As a radioactive
substance decays,
the number of
particles left in it
will start to reduce.
Therefore the
radioactivity of the
substance will
begin to decrease.
It will continue to
decrease, until the
radioactivity has
reached zero!
Half-life
The half-life of a
substance is the
time it takes for
HALF of the
particles in a
sample to decay
or for the
radioactivity of a
substance to
decrease by
HALF.
Half-life
What is the
half life of this
substance?
Task
Answer the questions on the worksheet
on calculating half-life
Understand the
nature of nuclear
fusion and
fission
ALL Describe the
process of fission
and fusion
MOST Explain
how fission/fusion
can be used to
generate electricity
SOME Evaluate
the advantages
EYWORDS: fusion, fission, chain reaction,
and disadvantages
Generator, turbine, hydrogen
of fission/fusion
Starter
Draw the diagram of the atom below and add the
following labels: electron, neutron, proton, nucleus
Recap
Protons and
neutrons are in the
centre of the atom
called the nucleus.
The electrons orbit
around the
nucleus.
Recap
Particle
Proton
Charge
+1
Neutron
Electron
-1
Recap
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhbqIJZ
8wCM
Recap
WHY IS THIS
IMPORTANT?
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission is a process
that uses atoms to generate
VAST amounts of energy.
Nuclear Fission
Neutron
Uranium
nucleus
To begin with, we
have a simple
Uranium nucleus.
Uranium is used
because it is already
unstable.
A slow moving
neutron is fired at the
Uranium.
Nuclear Fission
Neutron
Unstable
nucleus
Uranium
nucleus
The neutron
attaches
itself to the
uranium and
makes it
even more
unstable!
Nuclear Fission
The unstable Uranium
splits into two smaller
nuclei, releasing energy
in the process
Neutron
Unstable
nucleus
Uranium
nucleus
2 smaller nuclei
(e.g. barium
and krypton)
Nuclear Fission
Along with the energy,
some more neutrons are
also released!
Neutron
Unstable
nucleus
Uranium
nucleus
2 smaller nuclei
(e.g. barium
and krypton)
More
neutro
ns
Chain reactions
These fission reactions
produce a lot of energy and
are used in nuclear
generators.
However, each fission
reaction produces more and
more neutrons.
More
neutro
ns
WHY MIGHT
THIS BE BAD?
Chain reactions
Each of the neutrons can
cause more fission reactions,
releasing more energy and
more neutrons. The reaction
can soon become an
uncontrollable chain
reaction,
and when that happens
More
neutro
ns
Task
Create a poster that has the following:
A simple diagram of an atom
An explanation of nuclear fission
A diagram to show the process of
nuclear fission
A description of what a chain
reaction is and why they are bad.
Leave space on your poster to add more
information later.
Using fission
Advantages/disadvantages of fission
Advantages/disadvantages of fission
Advantages/disadvantages of fission
Advantages/disadvantages of fission
Advantag
es
Disadvant
ages
Task
Add the following to your poster:
The diagram of the nuclear reactor
A step-by-step explanation of how
the reactor works
A table explaining what the
advantages and disadvantages of
fission are
A brief explanation on whether or
not you think fission should be
used to generate electricity
True or False?
Copy the true sentences and change the
false sentences to make them true
1) Nuclear fission uses fast-moving electrons
2) The most common fuel used in a nuclear
reactor is uranium
3) Nuclear fission involves one nucleus splitting
into smaller nuclei and releasing energy in the
process
4) An advantage of nuclear fission is that it
doesnt produce any harmful radioactive waste
5) A chain reaction occurs when too many
neutrons cause fission reactions and the
process can no longer be controlled
Debate
RECENT DISASTERS SUCH AS
THE ONE THAT HAPPENED AT
THE FUKISHIMA PLANT HAS
SHOWN THAT NUCLEAR
FISSION IS WAY TOO
DANGEROUS TO PRODUCE
ENERGY. ALL NUCLEAR
POWER PLANTS IN THE UK
http://
www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/c
lips/nuclear-fission/6020.ht
ml
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v
=H9AMtUeyDP0
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion
Although the names sound very
similar, fission and fusion are
VERY DIFFERENT PROCESSES.
Nuclear Fission
In fission, one nuclei is
split into smaller nuclei
to release energy!
Neutron
Unstable
nucleus
Uranium
nucleus
2 smaller nuclei
(e.g. barium
and krypton)
More
neutro
ns
Nuclear fusion
In nuclear fusion, two nuclei are
fused together to release energy.
It is the opposite of nuclear
fission.
Task
Watch the video on nuclear fusion and answer
the following questions:
1) What is the temperature at the centre of the sun?
2) How much hotter is the JET reactor?
3) What process does the sun use to generate
energy?
4) What kind of conditions are required to recreate
fusion on earth?
5) Why must robotic arms be used to move things
inside the core?
6) Why is fusion safer than fission?
http://
www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/nuclear-fusion/6019
Fusion future
Although fusion
isnt economically
viable right now,
it will (probably!)
be one of the
main ways we
generate energy
in the future. Lots
and lots of
research is
currently being
BINGO
FISSION
RADIOACTIVE
URANIUM
WASTE
FUSION
NEUTRON
CHAIN
JET PROTON REACTION
HYDROGEN
GENERATOR
Understand the
lifecycle of a star
ALL State the
main stages of a
stars development
MOST Describe
each stage and
explain the factors
that influence the
development of a
star
KEYWORDS: protostar, red giant, whiteSOME Explain
how solar systems
dwarf, black dwarf, supernova,
neutron star, Black hole
such as ours came
into existence
Starter
Write one question about
stars that you want to
know the answer to by
the end of the lesson
Stars
To start with, we will be watching a few short
videos about stars. The videos will give you
important information about the lifecycle of
stars, which we will cover in greater detail later
in the lesson.
http://
www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/how-do-starsform/9789.html
http://
www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-death-of-s
tars/12239.html
http://
www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/why-are-black-
Task
Around the room is information about
stars and their lifecycle. Go around the
room and write the sentences in the
correct order in your books to create the
star lifecycle. Add a diagram to go
with each stage.
Nebula
All stars start
their lives as
part of a
nebula.
Nebulae are
large clouds of
dust and gas
(mainly
Protostar
Over millions of years,
gravity will cause the
dust and gas in the
nebula to come
together. As it does
this, the temperature
increases until
hydrogen can fuse.
When this happens, a
protostar is born.
White dwarf
When the red giant
has run out of all fuel
and can fuse nothing
more, it will lose its
outer layers. This
leaves just the core,
which is still extremely
hot. It is so hot it
glows white hot,
giving the name to
this stage the white
Black dwarf
After a long enough
time, the white dwarf
will cool down enough
so that it stops
glowing white hot. It is
now called a black
dwarf.
Task
The lifecycle
that you have
just covered
is for stars
about the
same mass as
our sun
Heavier stars,
however,
lead a slightly
different life
Supernova
For very heavy stars,
once they have run
out of fuel, the star
begins to collapse in
on itself. It continues
to collapse until it
reaches a critical point
when it cant collapse
any more. This causes
a MASSIVE
Supernova
The shockwave is so
large that the outer
layers EXPLODE
outwards! The
explosion only lasts
seconds, but can
release as much
energy in those
seconds as the star
has released up to
that point! It can be as
Neutron star
After a supernova,
only the stars core is
left behind. During the
collapsing process,
this core is turned into
just neutrons.
The resulting neutron
star is very very
dense. One spoonful
of a neutron star
Black hole
In some very very rare
cases, the core of a
star left over after a
supernova will
continue to collapse. It
will keep getting
smaller and smaller
until the whole star
has collapsed into an
infinitely small point.
Black hole
This singularity has
an immense
gravitational force. Its
attraction is so strong
that not even light can
escape from it. Hence
the name black
hole.
Task
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
C
B
A
Start Timer
10
10
Minutes
8
2
0
Pupil as Teacher
Understand why
stars are
important
ALL State the role
that stars play in
the formation of
elements
MOST Describe
how stars make
elements heavier
than helium
SOME Explain
how supernova
make elements
heavier than Iron
Task
Watch the video and answer the following the
questions on how elements are made:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips
/how-are-elements-made/12234.html
Stage 1
When a star is young it
has plenty of hydrogen.
It fuses the hydrogen
together to form helium.
This releases massive
amounts of energy in
the form of light and
heat.
But what happens
when the hydrogen
runs out?
Stage 2
When a star runs out of
hydrogen, it has massive
amounts of helium left.
It has no choice but to
start fusing helium,
instead of hydrogen.
Fusing helium makes
heavier elements, like
lithium and beryllium.
Stage 2
Fusing helium releases
more energy than fusing
hydrogen. This makes
the star bigger and it
enters the red giant
phase.
But what does it do
when it runs out of
helium?
Stage 3
When the star has run
out of helium, it will
start fusing the heavier
elements that it has
created. This will make
even heavier elements,
such as Boron and
Carbon.
Stage 4
The star will keep on
going through this
process of running out of
fuel and fusing heavy
elements that it has
created. This will make
heavier and heavier
elements.
The heaviest element
that stars can make is
Supernova