Chap 2

Chapter 2
Nuri Allied Consultant (M) Sdn. Bhd.

OSH Accident Investigation Workshop
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
2.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Legal Aspect of Risk Assessment
2.3
Accident Categories
2.4
Hierarchy of Risk Control
Chapter 2

Hazards
Risks
Accidents
What are they?
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

HAZARD
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

What is a "hazard?"
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
OHSAS 18001:1999
It is a source or situation with a potential for harm in

terms of injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the workplace environment, or a
combination of both.
Chapter 2

Hazard:
Anything which may cause harm, injury, or ill
health.
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Hazard identification is the first step in the risk management

process.
Only people with a thorough knowledge of the area, process or
machine under review should carry out a hazard identification survey.
The task of identifying hazards should be broken up into clear and
manageable sections, in a manner which suits the organisation, the
task itself, and the people doing the work.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

PREVIOUS ACCIDENT REPORTS

Location
Machine
Person
Age of Person
Time of Day
Day of Week
Part of Body
Severity of Injury
Occupation
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF THE WORKPLACE

A physical examination of the workplace requires an
inquiring mind, lateral thinking, and the ability to be and
remain open minded. It is of little use to look at a particular
area and in a perfunctory manner, declare it to be hazard
free.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
BRAINSTORMING
This is a process of conducting group meetings with people who
are familiar with the operation of the area under review,
recording all ideas and thoughts relating to possible hazards
and then sorting the results into some sort of priority order.
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Mastery
Reliability
KNOWLEDGE OF EMPLOYEES
Employees should be encouraged to report any hazards
they are aware of.
Chapter 2

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Mastery
Reliability
TRADE JOURNALS
Trade journals are often a source of information regarding
hazards encountered by others in the industry. They can be a
source of useful inquiry, as members of the same industry
would expect to encounter similar hazards
Chapter 2

OSH PUBLICATIONS
These publications can be of particular benefit as
they concentrate on reporting issues relating to safety
and health
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
CONTACTS
A counter-part in another subsidiary of the company
or even a contact in a competitive company could be a
good source of information as they probably share similar
safety problems.
Chapter 2

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Mastery
Reliability
Industry Associations
Safety and health is often brought up at industry association
meetings or during informal discussions before or after
meetings.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
ASK, "WHAT IF . . . ?
Its important to try to anticipate how human behaviour,
equipment, and system failures could combine to create
a hazardous situation.
Constantly ask yourself "What if?...."
Chapter 2

What is risk?
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
OHSAS 18001:1999
It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence

of a specified hazardous event occurring.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Risk
may be considered as the potential for adverse effects
resulting from an activity or event
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
This is generally determined by what is prepared

to be lost balanced against possible gains
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Risk is a new concept in our society. Prior to the renaissance

the widely held belief was fatalistic.
Its all in the hands of the gods, the fates , our lord .
Mans destiny was usually seen as being predetermined.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
In 1654 , a French duke asked the famous mathematician

Pascal to solve a problem.
How to divide the stakes of an unfinished game of dice
when one of the players was ahead.
This question was originally posed 200 years earlier by
the monk Paccoili.
The laws of probability were explored.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
These early explorations into laws of probability resulted in.

The Dutch Tulip Bulb Futures market ( the first modern stock exchange)
The Marine Insurance Industry ( and all types of insurance that followed)
Intellectual challenges to church doctrine.
Exploration of the New World.
Acceptance of the concept of being Masters of our own destiny.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Risk is a very individual concept.

It is different for every one.
Consider the activity of driving.
On a scale of 1-5 how would you rate driving as a daily activity?
For a Grand Prix Driver?
A Taxi Driver?
My 88 year old grandmother?
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.

Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as
familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks change.
Chapter 2

the total procedure associated with

identifying a hazard,
assessing the risk,
putting in place control measures,
and reviewing the outcomes.
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Risk Assessment
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Risk:
The possibility of an unwanted event occurring
Likelihood:
The chance of an event actually occurring .
Chapter 2

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Mastery
Reliability
Very Likely -- Could happen frequently
Likely -- Could happen occasionally

Unlikely -- Could happen, but only rarely
Highly Unlikely -- Could happen but probably never will
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
When evaluating the likelihood of an accident,

a factor that will modify the likelihood category, is exposure.
Very Rare -- Once per year or less
Rare -- A few times per year
Unusual -- Once per month
Occasional -- Once per week
Frequent -- Daily
Continuous -- Constant
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
The location of a hazard can affect the likelihood of the accident

happening.
For example, an exposed V belt drive located adjacent to a
walkway where persons could easily come into contact with the
nip points would have a higher likelihood rating than if the same
drive arrangement were located in a position from which persons
were excluded.
Chapter 2

FATAL
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Death
MAJOR INJURIES Normally irreversible injury or damage to health

requiring extended time off work to effect best recovery.
MINOR INJURIES
Typically a reversible injury or damage to health needing
several days away from work to recover. Recovery would be full and permanent.
NEGLIGIBLE INJURIES
Would require first aid and may need the
remainder of the work period or shift off before being able to return to work.
Chapter 2

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Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Control: the measures we take to eliminate

or reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
Hierarchy of Control: The order in which controls

should be considered when selecting methods of
controlling a risk.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Provide Personal Protective Equipment .
Chapter 2

Elimination
The Best method of dealing with a hazard is to
eliminate it. Once the hazard has been eliminated the
potential for harm has gone.
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Substitution
This involves substituting a dangerous process
or substance with one that is not as dangerous.
This may not be as satisfactory as elimination as there may
still be a risk (even if it is reduced).
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Isolation
Separate or isolate the hazard from people. This method has
its problems in that the hazard has not been removed.
The guard or separation device is always at risk of being
removed or circumvented.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Administration
Administrative solutions usually involve modification
of the likelihood of an accident happening. This can be
done by reducing the number of people exposed to the
danger reducing the amount of time exposed and providing
training to those people who are exposed to the hazard.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Personal Protective Equipment

Provision of personal protective equipment should only be
considered when all other control methods are impractical,
or to increase control when used with another method higher
up in the Hierarchy of Control.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
KEY POINT
A review follow-up is always essential.
Review is an important aspect of any risk management
process.
It is essential to review what has been done to ensure
that the controls put in place are effective
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and review

is not a task that is completed and then forgotten about.
Hazard identification should be properly documented even
in the simplest of situations.
Risk assessment should include a careful assessment
of both likelihood and consequence.
Control measures should conform to the recommendations of
the hierarchy of control.
The risk management process is an on going one.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
OHSAS 18001:1999
It is an undesired event giving rise to death ,

ill health, injury, damage or other loss
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
SINGLE FACTOR THEORIES

This theory stems from the assumption that an
accident is the result of a single cause. Further,
if that single cause can be identified and eliminated
the accident will not be repeated.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
SINGLE FACTOR THEORIES

Example: A person in a hurry walks through a poorly lit area
and trips over a piece of wood.
Single Factor Theory Solution: Remove the offending
piece of wood to solve the problem.
The reality is that accidents always have more

than one contributing factor.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
states that accidents are more likely to happen at or

during a transfer of energy.
The rate of energy release is important because
the greater the rate of release the greater the
potential for damage.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
It should be noted that this concept of identifying hazards is

very limited and not dissimilar to the Single Factor theory.
Factors other than energy release are important.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
says that an accident occurs when

a number of factors act together to cause an
accident
This and similar ideas are favored by

most experienced safety and health practitioners
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Example: A person in a hurry walks through a poorly lit area

and trips over a piece of wood.
require answers to such questions as:
Was there a necessity for that person to walk in that area or

was there a safer route?
If the person was not in a hurry would they have been more aware
and avoided the wood?
If the area was better lit would the person have avoided the wood.
Could the wood have been removed?
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Social Environment:
Those conditions which make us take or accept risks.
Unsafe Acts or Conditions:
Poor planning, unsafe equipment, hazardous environment.
The Accident:
The accident occurs when the above events conspire to cause
something to go wrong.
The Injury: Injury occurs when the person sustains damage.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Often accidents occur without injury and they are referred

to as near misses. All too often, these near misses are ignored
until, figuratively speaking, the last domino is knocked over and
the injury occurs.
Chapter 2

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Mastery
Reliability
may be too limited to consistently reflect reality. A more

accurate picture of reality may be gained by combining
the elements of
the Multiple Factor Theory
and the Domino Effect.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
While watching the Piper Alpha Story consider

the Multiple cause theory and the Domino Effect .
Answer the Questions on Pages 15& 16 of the Spiral to Disaster Handout.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Hazard Uncontrolled Risk Accident
Risk-based solution
Risk Management
Hazard identification + risk assessment
= risk control strategies
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
What are the four categories of hazards in the

workplace? (MEEE)
M aterials
Equipment
Environment
Employees
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Physical effects death, injury, property

damage, fatigue
Biological effects health effects
Psychological stress, unmotivated, hatred
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Types of Hazards in the Workplace

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Falls
Impact
Mechanical
Vibration/Noise
Toxics
Heat/Temperature
Flammability/Fire
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Explosives
Pressure
Electrical contact
Ergonomics
Biohazards
Violence
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Four Important Processes to Identify and

Analyze Hazards
Inspections and Audits
The inspection examines conditions in the workplace

to identify hazards.
The audit evaluates the quality of program design
and performance to better control hazards.
Chapter 2

Inspect to identify potential accidents,

examples:
Struck-by
Caught-between
Struck-against
Fall-To-surface
Contact-by
Fall-To-below
Contact-with
Over-exertion
Caught-on
Bodily reaction
Caught-in
Over-exposure
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Observation
Observations, informal and formal, are quite important

in daily workplace safety.
Employees and managers can spot hazardous
conditions and unsafe or inappropriate behaviors
while they conduct their other tasks.
Chapter 2

The Job Hazard Analysis
The process...
Break a job or task into specific steps.
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Incident/Accident Analysis
All non-injury incidents and injury accidents, no matter

how minor should be analyzed to identify and control
hazards.
Incident analysis allows you to identify and control
hazards before they cause an injury.
Accident analysis is an effective tool for uncovering
hazards that either were missed earlier or have
managed to slip out of the controls planned for them.
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Employer- the creator of OSH hazards and

risks at the workplace!
Employer duties:
Chapter 2

Employee duties- Safety is everyones

responsibility. Its the law!
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Management commitment is regulated!

1.
2.
3.
OSH Policy
OSH Organization
OSH arrangements at the workplace
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Divide into 4 groups. Each doing Items 1-4.
Inspection
Observations
JSA
Incident/accident analysis
Then your group must present your HAZID findings to
the
class. Hazards that are identified must be categorized
as
per MEEE slide.
Chapter 2

1.
2.
3.
4.
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Major hamzah, pls expand on the slides above, especially of legal

requirements on employers and employees
The above slides should end before lunch. After lunch, group exercise on
HAZID techniques as mentioned above, ie
Inspections
Observations
JHA/JSA
Incident analysis and accident analysis
Divide into 4 groups. Each doing Items 1-4. (2-5pm)

1.
Inspection can be done at the car park, example, or hotel premises as a whole.
2.
Observations can be done by photo observation of a work activity
3.
JSA- Driving to work/driving at work for field trips
4.
Incident/accident analysis/records- use near-miss photo and accident photo
Then t hey must present their HAZID findings to class. Hazards that are identified
must
be categorized as per MEEE slide.
Chapter 2

Qualitative subjective in nature

Quantitative objective in nature
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering Control
Administrative Control
PPE
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Risk elimination
programs
Risk reduction
programs
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Eliminate risky processes/resources

Re-design/substitute risky processes
Use technology
Risk elimination is usually costly to

implement, it involves detailed studies using
experts
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Risk reduction programs

Procedures, work instructions
Permit-to-work system
Employee training
Engineering equipments, ie. Suction hoods,
ventilators, etc.
Quality PPE
Chapter 2

Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation
Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Using results from the HAZID exercise, develop the Risk

Register for each group, conduct
1.
Risk assessments on the hazards using the Qualitative
approach (RA form provided), decide which are
significant or otherwise
2.
Recommend the suitable risk control systems for each
significant hazard
3. Group presentation
Chapter 2
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
OSH Jenis
Accident Investigation
Workshop
Kaitan
Pekerjaan
dengan Hazard
Jenis Pekerjaan
Hazard
Tukang bata/batu Penyakit kulit, posisi janggal, beban berat

Tukang cat
Wap pelarut, bahan beracun dalam pigmen, bahan

tambahan cat
Hard tile setters
Wap dari bonding agents, penyakit kulit, posisi

janggal
Tukang kayu
Habuk kayu, beban berat, pergerakan berulang
Juru elektrik
Logam berat dalam wasap sadur, posisi janggal,

beban berat, habuk asbestos
Tukang Paip
Asap dan partikel plumbum, asap patri, posisi

janggal
Pemasang karpet Trauma lutut, posisi janggal, wap gam, pergerakan

berulang
Chapter
2
MENILAI RISIKO

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
5 : KERAP
KEGAGALAN KERAP BERLAKU
4 : SELALU
KEGAGALAN SELALU BERLAKU
3 : PERNAH BERLAKU
PERNAH BERLAKU KEGAGALAN, TETAPI

TIDAK BESAR
2 : SEKALI-SEKALI
JARANG BERLAKU DI DALAM ORGANISASI

YANG SAMA/DALAM NEGARA
1 : JARANG
JARANG BERLAKU MUNGKIN DI NEGARA

LAIN
Chapter
2
MENILAI RISIKO

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
5: BENCANA
KEMATIAN
4: BESAR
HILANG UPAYA KEKAL
3: SEDERHANA
KECEDERAAN SEDERHANA, > 4 HARI CUTI

SAKIT
2: KECIL
KECEDERAAN KECIL, HINGGA 4 HARI CUTI

SAKIT
1: SEDIKIT
FIRST AID
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

RPN : RISK PRIORITY
NUMBER,
1 (SANGAT RENDAH)
25 (SANGAT TINGGI)
1
JARANG
2
SEKALISEKALI
3
PERNAH
BERLAKU
4
SELALU
5
KERAP
1: SEDIKIT
2: KECIL
10
3: SEDERHANA
12
15
4: BESAR
12
16
20
5: BENCANA
10
15
20
25
Dapatkan RPN : Risk Priority Number berdasarkan

kebarangkalian dan kesan akibat
Chapter 2

RISIKO
SANGAT
TINGGI
(15-25)
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
TINDAKAN
BERITAHU PIHAK PENGURUSAN SEGERA
HAPUSKAN : TIDAK BOLEH
DIBIARKAN;
PERLU
KAWALAN SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG
LEBIH BERKESAN
TINGGI
(8-14)
BERITAHU KETUA JABATAN. PERLU KAWALAN

SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH
BERKESAN
SEDERHANA
(4-7)
BERITAHU HAZARDS KEPADA PEKERJA;

TOOL BOX MEETING; SAFE BEHAVIOUR; JSA
KAWALANN JANGKA PANJANG BERKESAN
RENDAH
(1-3)
RISIKO BOLEH DITERIMA; UMUMNYA TIDAK PERLU

TINDAKAN; KEKALKAN KAWALAN SEDIA ADA
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

PENGAWALAN RISIKO
Semua risiko
perlu di
kurangkan
RISIKO
SangatTinggi
TIDAK BOLEH
DITERIMA
Tinggi
As
Low
Sederhana
As
KURANGKAN
SERENDAH YANG
MUNGKIN
Rendah
Reasonably
Practicable.
BOLEH DITERIMA
Chapter 2
Integrity
HIRARKI
LANGKAH
KAWALAN
Nuri
Allied
Consultant
(M)
Sdn.
Bhd.
HIRARKI LANGKAH KAWALAN
Mastery
1. Hapuskan hazard
Reliability
Contohnya, menukar peralatan yang bising, elakkan

menggunakan bahan atau mesin berbahaya,
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
2. Tukar sesuatu kepada

yang kurang berisiko
Contohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih ringan,

gunakan bahan kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari
forklift petrol kepada elektrik, gunakan penyedut
hampagas dari penyapu
3. Asingkan hazard
Contohnya mengadakan penghadang sekeliling

tumpahan sehingga dicuci, meletakkan mesin fotostat di
bilik berpengundaraan
4. Guna kawalan
kejuruteraan
Contohnya menggunakan troli untuk bawa beban berat,

memasang pengadang bahagian jentera berputar
5. Guna kawalan
pentadbiran
Contohnya mengadakan pusingan kerja, tugasan pendek,

pastikan peralatan diselanggara, amalan kerja selamat,
arahan dan latihan.
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, akhirnya
6.Guna peralatan
perlindungan diri
Contohnya mengadakan perlindungan bising dan mata,

helmet keselamatan, sarung tangan
Chapter 2
Jika
tiada
HIRARC
OSH Accident
Investigation
Workshop ..
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)

Aktiviti terlibat:
1. Mengangkat
2. Menyimpan Sementara
3. Membersih
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Membuka
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
OSHformworkAccident Investigation
Workshop (satu contoh)
Kerja
acuan
Chapter
2
K: Kebarangkalian
KA: Kesan Akibat
R: Risiko
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
OSH Accident
Investigation acuan
Workshop (satu contoh)
Kerja
formworkChapter
2
Chapter 2

Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Rekod Kemalangan Maut di Tapak Bina di Selangor 06-07

Bil
Tarikh
Perihal Kemalangan
Sebab
07 Apr 06
Terjatuh dari pelantar memunggah di tingkat 12
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
29 Mei 06
Terjatuh dari struktur tangki air di atas bangunan pada

ketinggian 4 meter
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
30 Jun 06
Pekerja jatuh semasa menyapu minyak pada

permukaan steel formwork di tingkat 6
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
14 Jun 06
Dilanggar oleh jentolak semasa berada di bawah lori
Dilanggar
18 Ogo 06
Dihempap batu ketika mengendalikan jengkaut.
Objek jatuh
08 Jul 06
Jatuh dari bangunan
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
14 Ogo 06
Boom crawler crane jatuh dan talinya melibas kepala

mangsa
Objek jatuh
16 Sep 06
Jatuh dari tingkat 7 ke tingkat 1
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
13 Okt 06
Jack base jatuh dari tingkat atas menghempap kepala
Objek jatuh
10
10 Ogo 06
Terjatuh dari tebing tinggi semasa memandu compactor

roller
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi/objek jatuh
11
27 Dis 06
Terjatuh dari tempat tinggi ketika menuruni tangga
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Rekod Kemalangan Maut di Tapak Bina di Selangor 06-07

Bil
Tarikh
Perihal Kemalangan
Sebab
12
26 Dis 06
Jatuh dari bangunan semasa membuka form work
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
13
11 Jan 07
Jatuh dari bangunan semasa membuka form work
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
14
06 Mac 07 Jatuh dari tempat tinggi dalam kawasan pembinaan
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
15
09 Mac 07 Jatuh dari bangunan dalam pembinaan
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
16
02 Apr 07
Jatuh dari tingkat 2 ke tingkat 1 semasa kerja

pemasangan form work
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
17
03 Apr 07
Terjatuh dari tingkat 10 semasa penyediaan untuk

kerja plaster luar dinding bangunan
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
18
14 Apr 07
Jatuh semasa bekerja berhampiran tepian terbuka
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
19
16 Apr 07
Terjatuh dari shovel dan tergilis oleh tayarnya
Digilis
20
08 May 07
Dilanggar oleh bas yang terbabas semasa bekerja

di tepi lebuhraya
Dilanggar
21
02 Jun 07
Terjatuh semasa melakukan kerja-kerja formwork

di tapak bina
Jatuh dari tempat

tinggi
Chapter 2

Laluan & ramps

Ruang terbuka
Lubang/lurang
Membentuk konkrit
& rebar
Mengorek tanah
Atap
Dinding terbuka
Memasang bata
dinding
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Keadaan
dan amalan tidak selamat
Chapter 2
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2

Kegagalan struktur kren menara dan tiada kekemasan
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Chapter 2
Kajian
semula
OSH Accident
InvestigationHIRARC
Workshop
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
HIRARC hendaklah dikaji semula dan

diselenggara seperti berikut:
Sebagai sebahagian daripada proses kajian
semula
pengurusan
Sebagai kesan daripada sebarang perubahan
yang
signifikan kepada aktiviti organisasi, produk
atau
perkhidmatan
Sebagai kesan daripada perubahan yang
relaven kepada
peraturan yang berkaitan
Chapter 2

Mula
Mengkelaskan Aktiviti
(Tugas, Produk, Perkhidmatan, Aktiviti)
Kenalpasti Hazard
Menilai Hazard
Kawal Risiko
Semak Kawalan
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Kesimpulan
Integrity
Mastery
Reliability
Pengenalpastian hazard, penilaian risiko,

kawalan dan semakan semula bukanlah suatu
tugas yang dibuat sekali sahaja dan dilupakan
tetapi ianya suatu aktiviti yang berterusan.
HIRARC hendaklah didokumentasikan
walaupun seringkas mana sekalipun.
HIRARC hendaklah jalankan dengan penilaian
teliti ke atas kebarangkalian dan juga kesan
akibat manakala langkah kawalan yang
dicadangkan hendaklah menepati hirarki kawalan.

Chap 2

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Chapter 2

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2.0 RISK ASSESSMENT

Legal Aspect of Risk Assessment

Hierarchy of Risk Control

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What are they?

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It is a source or situation with a potential for harm in

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Hazard identification is the first step in the risk management

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PREVIOUS ACCIDENT REPORTS

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PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF THE WORKPLACE

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It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence

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This is generally determined by what is prepared

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Risk is a new concept in our society. Prior to the renaissance

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In 1654 , a French duke asked the famous mathematician

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These early explorations into laws of probability resulted in.

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Risk is a very individual concept.

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Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.

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the total procedure associated with

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Very Likely -- Could happen frequently

Likely -- Could happen occasionally

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When evaluating the likelihood of an accident,

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The location of a hazard can affect the likelihood of the accident

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MAJOR INJURIES Normally irreversible injury or damage to health

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Control: the measures we take to eliminate

Hierarchy of Control: The order in which controls

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