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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Name the types of cancer, discuss the major
pathological conditions, and list some of the
possible causes
Define the combining forms used in building
words that relate to oncology
Identify the meaning of related abbreviations
Name the laboratory tests and clinical
procedures used in testing and treating cancer
2
Objectives
Part
2
Describe the pathological terms related to
cancer
Neoplasms
Benign
Malignant
encapsulated
not life-threatening
made up of
differentiated cells
not capsulated
categorized by the types
of tissue from which they
develop
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can be life-threatening
Carcinoma
Carcinoma/Sarcoma
Sarcoma
Originates in muscle or
connective tissue and
lymph
Mixed-Tissue Tumor
Malignant Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Causes of Cancer
DNA
Causes of Cancer
Types of Carcinogens
Environmental agents
Chemicals
Radiation
Viruses
Other Cancer
Causing Agents
tobacco
smoke
asbestos
insecticides
certain dyes
certain hormones
blast(o)
carcin(o)
cancer
muta
genetic change
mutagen(o)
genetic change
onc(o)
radi(o)
tumor
radiation, X-rays
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Combining
Forms
&
Suffix
Meaning
Abbreviations (-blast)
-blast
immature cell
-oma
tumor
-plasia
-plasm
-plastic
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AML
bx
biopsy
CA
carcinoma
CEA
chemo
chemotherapy
CLL
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CML
DES
diethylstilbestrol
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DRE
ER
estrogen repair
METS
metastases
NHL
non-Hodgkins lymphoma
12
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
rad
RNA
ribonucleic acid
RT
radiation therapy
TNM
Tx
treatment
XRT
13
Testicular exam
- palpate for tumors in
testes
Breast exam
- palpate for lumps in the
breast
Digital rectal exam
-screening for prostate
cancer
14
Blood Tests
Blood Tests
Carcinoembryonic antigens
(CEA)
- detects gastrointestinal
tumors
Prostate-specific antigen
(PSA)
- detects prostate cancer
Alphafetoprotein test (AFP)
- detects liver or testicular
cancer
Human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)
- present with testicular
cancer
Cancer antigen 125 (CA125)
- protein produced by
ovarian cancer cells
15
Categorizing Tumors
Categorizing Tumors
Microscopic Examination
Microscopic Examination
Determines if a tumor is:
alveolar
- forming small sacs shaped
like alveoli
anaplastic
- reverting to a more
immature form
dysplastic
- abnormal in cell
appearance
carcinoma in situ
- contained at a site
without spreading
diffuse
- spreading evenly
17
hyperplastic
- excessive
development of cells
pleomorphic
- having many types of
cells
undifferentiated
- lacking a defined cell
structure
18
Visual Examination
Visual Examination
cystic
- filled with fluid
necrotic
- containing dead tissue
fungating
-projecting in a
mushroom-like pattern
polypoid
- containing polyps
medullary
- large and fleshy
verrucous
- having wart-like,
irregular growths
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Radiation Therapy
Once a tumor is confirmed as malignant, doctor
and patient discuss and agree on a course of
treatment (protocol).
Radiation Therapy
radiation rays damage the DNA of tumor cells
surrounding normal cells usually suffer
damage during treatments with radiation
Side Effects
skin damage
hair loss
nausea
20
PathologicalWhere
Terms
Cancer Starts
Type of Cancer
adenocarcinoma
gland
astrocytoma
neuroglia
skin
Burkitts lymphoma
lymph
carcinoma
epithelial tissue
carcinoma in situ
encapsulated tumor
chondrosarcoma
cartilage
Ewings sarcoma
connective tissue
21
Where Cancer
Pathological Terms
Part 2Starts
Type of Cancer
fibrosarcoma
connective tissue
glioblastoma
neurological tissue
Hodgkins disease
lymph system
hypernephroma
kidneys
Kaposis sarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
smooth muscle
leukemia
stem cells
leukoplakia
tongue or cheeks
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Pathological Where
TermsCancer
PartStarts
3
Type of Cancer
liposarcoma
fat
lymphoma
lymph system
medulloblastoma
brain
melanoma
skin
multiple myeloma
nephrosarcoma
kidney
23
Pathological Terms
Part 4Starts
Where Cancer
Type of Cancer
neuroblastoma
adrenal glands
non-Hopkins
lymphoma
lymph tissue
osteosarcoma
bone
retinoblastoma
retina
rhabdomyosarcoma
striated muscle
sarcoma
connective tissue
24
Surgical Terms
Excisional biopsy
Incisional biopsy
Removal of part
of a tumor for
examination
Surgical
Procedures
Removal of the
tumor and
surrounding
tissue
Resectioning
Exenteration
Removal of the
tumor and a
large amount of
the surrounding
tissue
Removal of an
organ, tumor, and
surrounding tissue
25
26
Pharmacological
Terms
Biological Therapy
Chemotherapy
Use of drugs to
treat cancer
27
Apply
Your
Knowledge
Harry has just returned from his follow-up
28
Apply
Your
Knowledge
Part
2
Dr. Jennings, the oncologist, informs his patient
29
Apply
Your
Knowledge
Part
3
John has a strong family history of testicular
30