Transportation Engineering I

(CE 653)
Chapter 1: Lecture 2

Rajesh Khadka
Department of Civil
Engineering
acem

Todays Lecture Outlines

1.2 Modes of Transportation
1.3 Comparison between Various Modes of Transportation
1.4 Historical Development of Roads and Road Construction
in Nepal
1.6 Classification of Roads (NRS)

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1.2 Modes of Transportation

What are the modes of transportation?

What are the modes of transportation of Nepal?

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Various Modes of Transportation/Transport

1) Primary Modes
a) Land Transportation: (i) Highway or Roadway (ii) Railway
b) Air Transportation (Aviation) Airways: (i) Domestic (ii) International
c) Water Transportation Waterways: (i) Inland (ii) Coastal (iii) Ocean/Sea
d) Pipeline Transportation Pipeways: (i) Water (ii) Gas (iii) Sewer (iv) Others
2) Secondary Modes
e) Ropeways - Cablecars Tuins, Girling
f) Canals (i) Irrigation Canal (ii) Navigation Canal (iii) Storm Water Drainage Ditch
g) Belt Conveyors
h) Others
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1.3 Comparison between Various Modes of

Transportation
1. Road Transport

2. Rail Transport

3. Air Transport
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Advantages of Road Transport

1. Low capital investment
2. Door to Door Service
3. Wide geographical coverage
4. Service in Rural Areas - Large influential area
5. Flexible Service
6. Suitable for Short Distance - Economy
7. Lesser Risk of Damage in Transit
8. Saving in Packing Cost - Low cost of packaging
9. Rapid Speed - Quick and assured deliveries
10. Private Owned Vehicles - Personalized travel and service
11. Feeder to other Modes of Transport
12. Highest employment potential
13. Safety

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Disadvantages Road Transport

1. Seasonal Nature
2. Accidents and Breakdowns - Safety
3. Unsuitable for Long Distance and Bulky Traffic
4. Slow Speed
5. Lack of Organization
6. Land coverage
7. Environmental pollution
8. Relatively Unsuitable for Long Haulage - Uneconomy
9. Energy consumption
10. Parking

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Advantages of Rail Transport

1. Dependable
2. Better Organized
3. High Speed over Long Distances
4. Suitable for Bulky and Heavy Goods
5. Cheaper Transport
6. Safety
7. Larger Capacity
8. Public Welfare
9. Administrative Facilities of Government
10. Employment Opportunities
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Disadvantages of Rail Transport

1. Huge Capital Outlay
2. Lack of Flexibility
3. Lack of Door to Door Service
4. Monopoly
5. Unsuitable for Short Distance and Small Loads
6. Booking Formalities
7. No Rural Service
8. Under-utilised Capacity
9. Centralized Administration
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Advantages of Air Transport

1. High Speed
2. Comfortable and Quick Services
3. No Investment in Construction of Track
4. No Physical Barriers
5. Easy Access
6. Emergency Services
7. Quick Clearance
8. Most Suitable for Carrying Light Goods of High Value
9. National Defence
10. Space Exploration
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Disadvantages of Air Transport

1. Very Costly
2. Small Carrying Capacity
3. Uncertain and Unreliable
4. Breakdowns and Accidents
5. Large Investment
6. Specialized Skill
7. Unsuitable for Cheap and Bulky Goods
8. Legal Restrictions
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Road Transport

Focus of IOE Transportation Engineering I

Course is on Road Transportation only.

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Background of Road Transport of Nepal

The road density is considered to the lowest among the South Asian
Countries.
The road density of Strategic Road Network (SRN) which has coverage
of around 75% All-weathered road is 8.49 km per 100 sq.km.
Out of 12,493 km, 51% of the SRN is paved while 36% are earthen and
13% are graveled.
Around 50% of the SRN is yet to be paved;
Two District HQs: Dolpa and Humla are yet to be connected to the
National Road Network.
Out of 75 district headquarters, 67 district headquarters road facilities
have been made all weather.

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Transport Means in Nepal

Roads and Highways- Major means of transportation
serves more than 90% movements of people and goods
Air Transport- covers about 8% of total movement of
the country
Railways- Only 52 km narrow gauge
Waterway- Commercially Not Koshi Naviagation
Project

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1.4 Historical Development of Roads and Road

Construction in Nepal
1.4.1 Historical Development of Roads

Footpath and trail network for haunting and fishing purposes

Invention of wheel around 3500 BC
Wider trails
The first hard surface was discovered in Mesopotamia (Now Iraq) at about 3500 B.C.
Roman Roads
Treseguet Roads
TelfordS Construction
Macadam Construction
Modern Roads
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Roman Roads

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Tresaguet Road (1764, implemented in 1775)

re-Marie-Jrme Trsaguet(15 January 1716 1796) Frenchengineer

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Telfords Construction, 1803 AD

Thomas Telford (9 August 1757 2 September 1834)

Scottishcivil
engineer, architect andstonemason,
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Macadam Construction, 1827 AD

ohn Macadam, British Engineer

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Modern Roads

Different types of bituminous roads

Cement concrete roads

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1.4.2 Road Construction in Nepal

History of Roads of Nepal

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 Road construction in Nepal has been rather haphazard.

The main reason of this is probably that the responsibility of planning,
construction and maintenance has been shared by more than one agency
such as VDC, DDC, DOR, municipalities etc.
Construction and maintenance of major and important roads like National
highways and Feeder roads are carried out by DOR (Department of Road).
Many wide roads with hard surface in Nepal (particularly in Kathmandu) may
have been developed during Mallas period.
These roads were basically intended to horse driven carts.
These roads consisted of hard broken brick over which flag stone slabs were
laid
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 The Trubhuwan Rajpath connecting Kathmandu to Bhaise on the old BhimphendiAmlekhganj was built under Indian government in 2013 B.S.
Kathmandu was connected to the outside world by motor able road in the period of 2007 to
2024 B.S.
In 2012 B.S., the 77 km Hetauda-Narayangadh road was taken up and completed in 2015
B.S.
In 2007 to 2032 B.S., the road development strategy was adopted for the country
continues, with the feeder roads to the interior mountain areas of the North and Terai towns
in the south expanding gradually.
The eastern section of East-West highway was successfully completed on the mid of 2027
B.S. and links to Pokhara from south as well as Kathmandu
In the following of East-West Highway i.e. up to 2042 B.S., east of Nepalganj was completed
with significant section of North-South routes and connection with East-West Highway.
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East-West Highway
In 2007 to 2032 B.S., the road development strategy was adopted for the
country continues, with the feeder roads to the interior mountain areas of
the North and Terai towns in the south expanding gradually.
The eastern section of East-West highway was successfully completed on
the mid of 2027 B.S. and links to Pokhara from south as well as
Kathmandu
In the following of East-West Highway i.e. up to 2042 B.S., east of
Nepalganj was completed with significant section of North-South routes
and connection with East-West Highway.

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 East west highway forms the backbone of the highway

network linking all five development regions and providing
connections between he major economic centers in the terai
and roads linking into the hills.
Total length 1024 km

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The Current Initiative (Achievement/Progress)

in Transport Sector of Nepal
Initiation of Nagdunga Tunnel (Sisne Khola to Nagdhunga total
2.45 km) under the loan and technical assistance from
Government of Japan; being first tunnel projects in road sector.
Completion of Banepa-Sindhuli-Bardibas Road (160 km)
connecting Kathmandu to Eastern teria region Bardibas
curtailing the huge journey time.
Construction of North-South Corridor Road to make easy
access and to improve the trade between Terai and Himalaya
Region area and China border.
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The Highlights and Key Allocations of the Budget for this

Fiscal Year are:
Construction of Kathmandu-Terai Fast-track to begin in 2015-2016. The
government has allocated Rs 1 Billion in FY 2015/2016;
Feasibility of Metro and Monorails to be completed in 2015-2016. The
government has allocated Rs 800 Million in FY 2015/2016;
NPR 3.19 billion for Postal Highway (Hulaki Road);
NPR 1.95 billion for Mid Hill Highway with an aim of completing this
highway within next three year;
NPR 54 billion for the construction of 125 bridges of SRN this year;
800 km of track of SRN opened;
700 km of road of SRN upgraded, rehabilitated and reconstructed.
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Future Transport Infrastructure

Kath- Hetauda Fast
Track Road
Mid-Hill East-West
Railway & Road

Tarai East-West
Railway

Proposed Railroad
Kath-Birganj Railway
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Future Transport Infrastructure

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Source:
RITES

Feasibility Study Report - 2010

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Kathmandu Kulekhani Hetauda

Tunnel Road

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 Road length from Hetauda to Kathmandu: 227 km with travel time of 6-8 hrs.
Hetauda-Narayanghat-Mugling-Kathmandu: highest trafficked road
Short cut route out of the valley
Nepal Purbadhar Bikas Company Limited: build own operate and transfer the
KKHT Highway.
4P compilation (Private, Public, Partnership and People)
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Road Networks in the Region

Current Road length (km) per
1,000 sq km land area

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Current Road length (km) per

10,000 people

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1.6 Classification of Roads (NRS)

Nepal Road Standards-2027(First Revision 2045 and Second Revision
2070), in short called NRS-2070, shall apply to all Strategic Roads in
rural areas being constructed within Nepal. For non-strategic (Local
Roads) and urban roads separate standards shall be considered.
With the objectives of achieving consistency in road design and
construction, NRS was first introduced by DOR in B.S. 2027 and was
revised in B.S 2045 Minor revisions were made in B.S 2051 and in
2055 to incorporate certain changes, which were relevant at the
time of revisions. But those revisions were treated separately, not as
an official version of the NRS-2027.
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Road Classification

As per NRS -2070

A. Administrative classification
B. Technical classification

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A. Administrative Classification
Intended for assigning national importance and level of
government responsible for overall management and
methods of financing.
1. National Highway
2. Feeder roads
3. District Roads and
4. Urban Roads

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1. National Highways
National Highways are main roads connecting East to West
and North to South of the Nation.
These serve directly the greater portion of the longer
distance travel, provide consistently higher level of service in
terms of travel speeds, and bear the inter-community
mobility.
These roads shall be the main arterial routes passing through
the length and breadth of the country as a whole.
They are designated by letter H followed by a two-digit
number.
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2. Feeder Roads
Feeder roads are important roads of localized nature.
These serve the community's wide interest and connect
District Headquarters, Major economic centres, Tourism
centres to National Highways or other feeder roads.
They are designated by letter F followed by 3-digit number.

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3. District Roads
District Roads are important roads within a district serving
areas of production and markets, and connecting with each
other or with the main highways.

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4. Urban Roads
Urban Roads are the roads serving within the urban
municipalities.

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 In Nepal the overall management of National Highways and Feeder

Roads comes within the responsibility of the Department of Roads (DOR).
These roads are collectively called Strategic Roads Network (SRN) roads.

District Roads and Urban Roads are managed by Department of Local

Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR).
These roads are collectively called Local Roads Network (LRN) roads.

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B. Technical/ Functional Classification

For assigning various geometric and technical parameters for design, roads
are categorized into classes as follows:
Class I
Class I roads are the highest standard roads with divided carriageway and
access control (Expressways) with ADT of 20,000 PCU or more in 20 yrs
perspective period. Design speed adopted for design of this class of roads
in plain terrain is120 km/h.
Class II
Class II roads are those with ADT of 5000-20000 PCU in 20 yrs perspective
period. Design speed adopted for design of this class of roads in plain
terrain is 100 km/h.
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Class III
Class III roads are those with ADT of 2000-5000 PCU in 20 yrs
perspective period. Design speed adopted for design of this class
of roads in plain terrain is 80 km/h
Class IV
Class IV roads are those with ADT of less than 2000 PCU in 20 yrs
perspective period.

Approximate equivalence with road classification in other

countries is as follows: class I roads correspond to expressways,
class II to arterial roads, class III - to collector roads and class IV to local roads.
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Rural Road Classification

1. District Road (Core network)
An important road joining a VDC HQs office or nearest
economic centre to the district headquarters, via either
a neighbouring district headquarters or the Strategic
Road Network.
2. Village Road
Smaller roads not falling under District Road (Core
Network) category are Village Roads, including other
Agriculture Road.
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