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Understanding the
Supply Chain

PowerPoint presentation to accompany


Chopra and Meindl Supply Chain Management, 5e
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall.
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Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain
the impact of supply chain decisions on the
success of a firm.
2. Identify the three key supply chain decision
phases and explain the significance of each
one.
3. Describe the cycle and push/pull views of a
supply chain.
4. Classify the supply chain macro processes in a
firm.
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What is a Supply Chain?


All stages involved, directly or indirectly, in

fulfilling a customer request


Includes manufacturers, suppliers, transporters,
warehouses, retailers, and customers
Within each company, the supply chain includes
all functions involved in fulfilling a customer
request (product development, marketing,
operations, distribution, finance, customer
service)

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What is a Supply Chain?


Customer is an integral part of the supply chain
Includes movement of products from suppliers to

manufacturers to distributors and information,


funds, and products in both directions
All stages may not be present in all supply
chains (e.g., no retailer or distributor for Dell)

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What is a Supply Chain?

Figure 1-1

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Flows in a Supply Chain

Figure 1-2

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The Objective of a Supply Chain

Maximize overall value created


Supply Chain Surplus
= Customer Value Supply Chain Cost

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The Objective of a Supply Chain


Example: a customer purchases a wireless

router from Best Buy for $60 (revenue)


Supply chain incurs costs (information, storage,
transportation, components, assembly, etc.)
Difference between $60 and the sum of all of
these costs is the supply chain profit
Supply chain profitability is total profit to be
shared across all stages of the supply chain
Success should be measured by total supply
chain profitability, not profits at an individual
stage

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The Objective of a Supply Chain

Customer the only source of revenue


Sources of cost include flows of

information, products, or funds between


stages of the supply chain
Effective supply chain management is the
management of flows between and among
supply chain stages to maximize total
supply chain surplus

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Importance of
Supply Chain Decisions

Wal-Mart, $1 billion sales in 1980 to $408 billion

in 2010
Seven-Eleven Japan, 1 billion sales in 1974 to
3 trillion in 2009
Webvan folded in two years
Borders, $4 billion in 2004 to $2.8 billion in 2009
Dell, $56 billion in 2006, adopted new supply
chain strategies

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Decision Phases of a Supply Chain

Supply chain strategy or design

How to structure the supply chain over the


next several years

Supply chain planning

Decisions over the next quarter or year

Supply chain operation

Daily or weekly operational decisions

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Supply Chain Strategy or Design

Decisions about the structure of the supply chain

and what processes each stage will perform


Strategic supply chain decisions

Locations and capacities of facilities


Products to be made or stored at various locations
Modes of transportation
Information systems

Supply chain design must support strategic

objectives
Supply chain design decisions are long-term and
expensive to reverse must take into account
market uncertainty

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Supply Chain Planning

Definition of a set of policies that govern

short-term operations
Starts with a forecast of demand in the
coming year

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Supply Chain Planning


Planning decisions:

Which markets will be supplied from which locations


Planned buildup of inventories
Subcontracting, backup locations
Inventory policies
Timing and size of market promotions

Must consider in planning decisions demand

uncertainty, exchange rates, competition over


the time horizon

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Supply Chain Operation


Time horizon is weekly or daily
Decisions regarding individual customer orders
Supply chain configuration is fixed and operating

policies are determined


Goal is to implement the operating policies as
effectively as possible
Allocate orders to inventory or production, set
order due dates, generate pick lists at a
warehouse, allocate an order to a particular
shipment, set delivery schedules, place
replenishment orders
Much less uncertainty (short time horizon)

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Process View of a Supply Chain


Cycle View: processes in a supply chain are

divided into a series of cycles, each performed


at the interfaces between two successive supply
chain stages
Push/Pull View: processes in a supply chain are
divided into two categories depending on
whether they are executed in response to a
customer order (pull) or in anticipation of a
customer order (push)

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Cycle View
of Supply
Chain
Processes

Figure 1-3

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Cycle View of
Supply Chain Processes

Figure 1-4

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Push/Pull View of Supply Chains

Figure 1-5

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Push/Pull View of
Supply Chain Processes

Supply chain processes fall into one of two

categories depending on the timing of their


execution relative to customer demand
Pull: execution is initiated in response to a
customer order (reactive)
Push: execution is initiated in anticipation of
customer orders (speculative)
Push/pull boundary separates push processes
from pull processes

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Push/Pull View of
Supply Chain Processes

Useful in considering strategic decisions relating

to supply chain design more global view of


how supply chain processes relate to customer
orders
Can combine the push/pull and cycle views
L.L. Bean
Dell

The relative proportion of push and pull

processes can have an impact on supply chain


performance

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Push/Pull View of L.L. Bean

Figure 1-6

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Push/Pull View Dell

Figure 1-7

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Supply Chain Macro Processes

Supply chain processes discussed in the


two views can be classified into

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)


Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM)
Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)

Integration among the above three macro


processes is critical for effective and
successful supply chain management

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Supply Chain Macro Processes

Figure 1-8

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Examples of Supply Chains

Gateway and Apple


Zara
W.W. Grainger and McMaster-Carr
Toyota
Amazon

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Gateway and Apple


1. Why did Gateway choose not to carry any finished-product
inventory at its retail stores? Why did Apple choose to carry
inventory at its stores?
2. Should a firm with an investment in retail stores carry any
finished-goods inventory? What are the characteristics of
products that are most suitable to be carried in finished-goods
inventory? What characterizes products that are best
manufactured to order?
3. How does product variety affect the level of inventory a retail
store must carry?
4. Is a direct selling supply chain without retail stores always less
expensive than a supply chain with retail stores?
5. What factors explain the success of Apple retail and the failure
of Gateway country stores?

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Zara
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

What advantage does Zara gain against the competition by having


a very responsive supply chain?
Why has Inditex chosen to have both in-house manufacturing and
outsourced manufacturing? Why has Inditex maintained
manufacturing capacity in Europe even though manufacturing in
Asia is much cheaper?
Why does Zara source products with uncertain demand from local
manufacturers and products with predictable demand from Asian
manufacturers?
What advantage does Zara gain from replenishing its stores
multiple times a week compared to a less frequent schedule? How
does the frequency of replenishment affect the design of its
distribution system?
Do you think Zaras responsive replenishment infrastructure is
better suited for online sales or retail sales?

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W.W. Grainger and McMaster-Carr


1. How many DCs should be built and where should they be located?
2. How should product stocking be managed at the DCs? Should all DCs carry
all products?
3. What products should be carried in inventory and what products should be
left with the supplier to be shipped directly in response to a customer order?
4. What products should W.W. Grainger carry at a store?
5. How should markets be allocated to DCs in terms of order fulfillment? What
should be done if an order cannot be completely filled from a DC? Should
there be specified backup locations? How should they be selected?
6. How should replenishment of inventory be managed at the various stocking
locations?
7. How should Web orders be handled relative to the existing business? Is it
better to integrate the Web business with the existing business or to set up
separate distribution?
8. What transportation modes should be used for order fulfillment and stock
replenishment?
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Toyota
1. Where should plants be located, what degree
of flexibility should each have, and what
capacity should each have?
2. Should plants be able to produce for all
markets?
3. How should markets be allocated to plants?
4. What kind of flexibility should be built into the
distribution system?
5. How should this flexible investment be valued?
6. What actions may be taken during product
design to facilitate this flexibility?
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Amazon.com
1. Why is Amazon building more warehouses as it grows? How many
warehouses should it have and where should they be located?
2. What advantages does selling books via the Internet provide over a
traditional bookstore? Are there any disadvantages to selling via the
Internet?
3. Should Amazon stock every product it sells?
4. What advantage can bricks-and-mortar players derive from setting
up an online channel? How should they use the two channels to
gain maximum advantage?
5. What advantages/disadvantages does the online channel enjoy in
the sale of shoes (diapers) relative to a retail store?
6. For what products does the online channel offer the greater
advantage relative to retail stores? What characterizes these
products?
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Summary of Learning Objectives


1. Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain
the impact of supply chain decisions on the
success of a firm.
2. Identify the three key supply chain decision
phases and explain the significance of each one.
3. Describe the cycle and push/pull views of a
supply chain.
4. Classify the supply chain macro processes in a
firm.

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall.

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.

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