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Optical Microscopy
Oldest and simplest of microscope,
using visible light and lenses.
Basic configuration single and
compound lens
Reflected or transmitted light is used as
source
Magnification between 10 1400x
Basically any types of sample can be
observed
Metal
Polymer
Semiconductor Packaging
Source: www.caltexsci.com/CX-3000.htm
Basic configurations
1 .ocular lens, or eyepiece
2 .objective turret
3 objective lenses
4 coarse adjustment knob
5 fine adjustment knob
6 object holder or stage
7 mirror or light (illuminator)
8.diaphragm and condenser
Source: wikipedia.
Image formation
Resolution
The closest spacing of two points
which can be clearly be seen through
microscope to be separate entities
(Goodhew et al , Electron Microscopy and Analysis, 3rd Edition)
Airy rings
Depth of field
Measure of how much of the object we are
looking remains in focus at the same time.
(governed by the lenses in the microscope)
Image is accurately in focus when the object lies
in the approriate plane (e.g surface of sphere)
h= 0.61/ sin tan
Increase h by decreasing
convergence angle
Aberrations in optical
system
Lens aberration- chromatic and
monochromatic aberrations
Improve chromatic abr.- combining
lenses with diff refractive indices or
using filter at source
Improve monochromatic abr.-reduced
only the central portion of lens are
used.
Chromatic Abrr.
Monochromatic Abr
astigmatism
Variants of Microscope
Differential interference contrast
microscopy (DIC), or Nomarski microscopy
Phase contrast microscopy- e.g study cell
cycle
Fluorescence microscope
Inverted microscope
Petrographic microscope/polarized
miccroscope-e.g detailed descriptions of
rocks
Improved resolution
microscopy
Vertico SMI (Spatially Modulated
Illumination)
Up to 10nm