OCULAR MOTOR NERVE PALSIES

1. Third nerve
2. Fourth nerve
3. Sixth nerve

Anatomy of third nerve

Oculomotor nucleus
Pituitary gland
Red nucleus

Carotid artery

Cavernous sinus

Pons

III nerve
Post cerebral artery

Clivus

Basilar artery

Applied anatomy of pupillomotor nerve fibres

Blood vessels on pia mater supply surface
of the nerve including pupillary
fibres ( damaged by
compressive lesions )

Vasa nervorum supply part

of nerve but not pupillary
fibres ( damaged by medical
lesions )
Pupillary fibres lie dorsal and peripheral

Signs of right third nerve palsy

Ptosis, mydriasis and cycloplegia Normal abduction

Abduction in primary position

Limited adduction

Intorsion on attempted
downgaze

Limited elevation

Limited depression

Hess chart of right third nerve palsy

Contraction of right chart and expansion of left

Right chart - underactions of all muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique
Left chart - overactions of all muscles except medial rectus and inferior oblique

Important causes of isolated third nerve palsy

Idiopathic - about 25%
Vascular disease - hypertension, diabetes
Trauma

Posterior communicating aneurysm

Extradural
haematoma

Aneurysm
Chiasm

Midbrain
pushed
across
Edge of
tentorium

Prolapsing
temporal
lobe

Third nerve

Posterior cerebral
artery

Anatomy of fourth nerve

Internal carotid artery
Postr. communicating
artery
III
VI
Postr.cerebral artery
Supr.cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
IV

Only cranial nerve to emerge dorsally

Crossed cranial nerve
Very long and slender

Signs of right fourth nerve palsy

Right hyperdeviation in primary

position when left eye fixating
Excyclotorsion

Right underaction on depression

in adduction
Vertical diplopia

Right overaction on left gaze

Positive Bielschowsky test in right fourth nerve palsy

Increase in right
hyperdeviation on ipsilateral
head tilt

Absence of right
hyperdeviation on
contralateral head tilt

Hess chart of right fourth nerve palsy

No significant difference in chart size

Upward deviation of right fixation spot on inner chart (hypertropia)
Downward deviation of left fixation spot on inner chart
Right chart - underaction of superior oblique and overaction of inferior oblique
Left chart - overaction of inferior rectus and underaction of superior rectus

Anatomy of sixth nerve

Basilar artery
Medial
lemniscus

Pituitary gland
Carotid artery

4th ventricle

Cavernous sinus

Petroclinoid
ligament
Vestibular
nucleus

Clivus
Pyramidal tract

VI nerve

Recent right sixth nerve palsy

Right esotropia in primary position due to Marked limitation of right abduction due to
unopposed action of right medial rectus
right lateral rectus weakness

Hess chart of recent right sixth nerve palsy

Contraction of right chart and expansion of left

Right chart - marked underaction of lateral rectus and mild overaction of medial rectus
Left chart - marked overaction of medial rectus

Old right sixth nerve palsy

Straight in primary position due to partial

recovery

Limitation of right abduction and

horizontal diplopia

Normal right adduction

Important causes of isolated sixth nerve palsy

Vascular - hypertension, diabetes
Raised intracranial pressure
Acoustic neuroma
Dilated
ventricles

Petrous
tip

Brainstem pushed downwards