Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Engr. Muhammad
Hussain
Lead Metallurgist
TCR Arabia Company Ltd.
Dammam Saudi Arabia
Introduction
Satisfactory performance of P91 steel is critically
dependent upon obtaining the correct microstructure of
tempered martensite.
Control of welding and PWHT parameters is critical
Base Metal
Base Material Specifications
P91
P92
E911
T23
T24
P122
Cr
8.00-9.50
8.50-9.50
8.50-9.50
1.9-2.6
2.2-2.6
Ni
Cu
Mo
W
V
Nb
N
B
<0.40
0.85-1.05
0.18-0.25
0.06-0.10
0.030-0.070
-
<0.40
0.30-0.60
1.50-2.00
0.15-0.25
0.04-0.09
0.030-0.070
10-60ppm
(<0.40)
0.90-1.10
0.90-1.10
0.15-0.25
0.06-0.10
0.050-0.080
-
0.05-0.30
1.45-1.75
0.20-0.30
0.02-0.08
<0.030
5-60ppm
0.90-1.10
0.20-0.30
<0.012
15-70ppm
10.0012.50
<0.50
0.30-1.70
0.25-0.60
1.50-2.50
0.15-0.30
0.04-0.10
0.040-0.10
<0.005
Advanced CrMos
Welding Process
The common welding processes can be used:
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or Tungsten Inert
Gas (TIG) welding
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) or Manual Metal
Arc (MMA) welding
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) or Metal Inert Gas
(MIG) welding
And also
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
Design
Metallurgical Notch
Notch
Welding Consumables
Welding Consumables
P91
P92
E911
T23
T24
SMAW
Chromet 9B9
E9015-B9
Chromet 92
*
Chromet 91W
Chromet
10MW
Chromet 23
Chromet 23L
Special
*
GTAW
9CrMoV
ER90S-B9
9CrWV
*
2CrMoWV
Special
*
FCAW
Supercore F91
E91T1-B9
Supercore F92
*
Cormet 10MW
*
Supercore F23
*
N/A
SAW
Cormet M91
9CrMoV
EB9
9CrWV
*
Special
*
P122
Potential
Patent
Issues
Preheat maintenance
Options for non-continuous welding works:
Maintain preheat throughout
Apply post-heat if cooling partially completed
welds to RT
SCC in P91
PWHT
PWHT is mandatory regardless of the
component wall thickness
PWHT
Generally agreed that the best PWHT for P91 is 750760C
Lower PWHT temperature can result in larger differences
in the hardness between the Type IV position and the
coarse grain HAZ and weld metal (insufficient tempering)
Adversely affects the strain accumulation in the soft
Type IV region, increasing its susceptibility to creep
failure
Higher PWHT can result in coarser precipitates, and
more rapid recovery of dislocation substructure, leading
to drop in hardness and creep strength
PWHT
Welding Issues
Industry Experience
Over-tempering during
PWHT
Soft spots at field welds in P91 piping
Original microstructure in the HAZ was over-tempered,
exhibiting some degradation of the tempered martensite
and coarse carbides
After 12,000 hours service, ferrite was found along the
fusion line and creep cavities were present in the HAZ
Questions