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solutions.
CI 4.5 and revision of 5.1
Ions in ionic solids.
Cl-
Na+
- + -
+ - +
- + -
Ions in solution. δ+
δ-
δ+ Hydrated ions δ-
- +
δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+ δ-
δ- Most δ+
electronegative
Polar
Oδ-
O δ- molecules
HHδ+ HHδ+
δ+
Dissolving.
δ-
δ- δ-
δ-
δ+
δ-
Some δ+
δ+ δ+
Some
δ-
bonds δ-
δ+
δ+
bonds δ+
δ- δ-
made broken δ-
δ-
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ-
δ- δ-
δ+ - + - δ+ δ-
δ+
δ-
δ-
+ - + δ+ δ+
δ-
δ+
- + - δ- δ-
δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
Some Some
bonds bonds
broken made
- + -
+ - +
- + -
Some
bonds
made -
- +
+ - +
Some
- + - bonds
broken
Some
Dissolving. Some
bonds
bonds made
broken
Endothermic Exothermic
-
+ -
What is this?
- ΔHLE
+ + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
- +
What is this?
ΔHLE
- + -
+ - + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
- + - ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
Exo or endo?
- + -
+ - + -ΔHLE
- + -
What is this?
- + -
+ - + ΔHLE
- + - -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
Exo or endo?
- + -
+ - +
- + -
ΔHhyd(an)
-
What is this?
- +
+ - + ΔHLE
- + - -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
-
Exo or endo?
- +
+ - +
- + - ΔHhyd(cat)
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔHhyd(cat) t
-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution l
p
ΔHsolution = -ΔHLE + ΔHhyd(cat) + ΔHhyd(an) y
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔHhyd(cat) t
-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Exo or endo? y
Endo
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔH
hyd(cat) t
-ΔH LE
ΔH
hyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔH
solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Won’t dissolve y
Endo
Gaseous ions
e
n
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat) t
ΔHhyd(an) h
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution a
Solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Exo or endo? y
Exo
Gaseous ions
e
n
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat) t
ΔHhyd(an) h
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution a
Solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Will dissolve y
Exo
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔH t
hyd(cat)
-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an)h
a
Solution
Solute + solvent l
ΔH
p
solution
May dissolve y
Slightly endo
Entropy!
Finally…. (Tables 5 and 7)
Ion Ionic Water
radius molecules
attached
+
Na+ 0.098nm 5
2,8,8
Mg2+ 15
2,8,8
0.078nm
2+
Al3+ 0.057nm 26
2,8,8