Functional Groups

What is the family name?

alkanes
H H
 Only carbon and
hydrogen
H C C H
 All single bonds

H H
Q: What should you call cyclic hydrocarbons made up
o of just single bonds?
A: Cycloalkanes
alkenes

 Only carbon and H H

hydrogen
 A carbon to carbon C C
double bond
H H

Q: What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs?

A: A diene
alcohols

 Only one oxygen

H H
 Has an O-H group
 Can classify as 1º/2º/3º H C C O H
according to position
of O-H group on H H
carbon skeleton

Q: Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water?

A: They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules
phenols

 Only one oxygen

O H
 Has an O-H group
 The O-H group is
directly attached to a
benzene ring

Q: The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it?

A: Phenyl
aldehydes

 Only one oxygen H

O
 Has a C=O group
 C=O group is at the H C C
end of carbon chain,
so is next door to a
H
hydrogen atom
H

Q: Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …?

A: Carboxylic acids
ketones

 Only one oxygen H O H

 Has a C=O group
 C=O group is not
H C C C H
at the end of carbon
chain, so is next
door to 2 carbons H H

Q: Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not?

A: No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.
carboxylic acids
 Has 2 oxygens
 Has O-H and C=O
H
O
groups on the same
carbon atom H C C
 This -COOH group has
to be at the end of a O H
carbon chain (why?) H
Q: Write an equation showing how ethanoic acid can
a act as a (weak) acid.
A: CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)
esters
 Has 2 oxygens H
O
 One oxygen is part H
of a C=O bond, the H C C
other is next door, O C H
sandwiched between H
two carbons H

Q: This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with

a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester.
A: Alcohol = methanol; ester = methyl ethanoate
ethers
 Has 1 oxygen
H H H
 No O-H or C=O
group H C C O C H
 The oxygen is
sandwiched between H H H
two carbon atoms

Q: Why do ethers have much lower boiling points

t than their isomeric alcohols?
A: No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules (why?)
 “What family…?” quiz
Family names:
 cycloalkane  aldehyde
 alkene  ketone
 primary (1º) alcohol  carboxylic acid
 secondary (2º) alcohol  ester
 tertiary (3º) alcohol  ether
 phenol … are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!
What family does it belong to? (1)

H H
C C
H H
What family does it belong to? (2)

H
O
H C C
H
H
What family does it belong to? (3)

H
H O H

H C C C H

H H H
What family does it belong to? (4)

C O H

H
What family does it belong to? (5)

H H

H C O C H

H H
What family does it belong to? (6)

H
O
H
H C C
O C H
H
H
What family does it belong to? (7)

H O H

H C C C H

H H
What family does it belong to? (8)

O H
What family does it belong to? (9)

H H
O
H C C C
O H
H H
What family does it belong to? (10)
H

H C H
H

H C C O H

H H H
C
H
What family does it belong to? (11)

H H

C C H

H H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (1)

H H
C C
H H

alkene
Answers: “What family?” quiz (2)

H
O
H C C
H
H
aldehyde
Answers: “What family?” quiz (3)

H
H O H

H C C C H

H H H

secondary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (4)

C O H

primary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (5)

H H

H C O C H

H H

ether
Answers: “What family?” quiz (6)

H
O
H
H C C
O C H
H
H

ester
Answers: “What family?” quiz (7)

H O H

H C C C H

H H
ketone
Answers: “What family?” quiz (8)

O H

phenol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (9)

H H
O
H C C C
O H
H H

carboxylic acid
Answers: “What family?” quiz (10)
H

H C H
H

H C C O H

H H H
C
H
tertiary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (11)

H H

C C H

H H

cycloalkane
“Spot the functional groups” quiz
Functional groups:
 alkene  aldehyde
 primary (1º) alcohol  ketone
 secondary (2º) alcohol  carboxylic acid
 tertiary (3º) alcohol  ester
 phenol  ether
 arene (NEW!) … are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!
Spot both the functional groups (1)

OH phenol

OH

O
carboxylic acid
Spot all three functional groups (2)
O

ester

O
O

carboxylic acid
OH
arene
Spot both the functional groups (3)

OH
O

phenol
O
ester
Spot both the functional groups (4)

primary alcohols
OH
OH

OH
secondary alcohol
Spot all three functional groups (5)

ketone
O

tertiary
OH alcohol
alkene
Spot all three functional groups (6)

aldehyde
H
alkene

arene
Spot all three functional groups (7)

ketone

arene
OCH3

ether
Functional groups quiz: results

Maximum score = 18
How did you do?