Lecture 2

Lecture 2
Gas-Vapor
Mixtures and
Air-Conditioning
Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman
Introduction
The air in the atmosphere normally contains some water
vapor, and it is referred to as atmospheric air. By contrast, air
that contains no water vapor is called dry air.
Definition Dew Point

Dew Point, TDP: The temperature at which vapor condenses or solidifies when cooled at constant pressure.
Consider cooling an air-water vapor mixture while the mixture total pressure is held constant. When the
mixture is cooled to a temperature equal to the saturation temperature for the water-vapor partial pressure,
condensation begins.
Moist Air Constant-Pressure Cooling and DewPoint Temperature on T-s Diagram of Water
(Fig. 13-8)
Definition-Dew Point
When an atmospheric air-vapor mixture is cooled

at constant pressure such that the partial pressure
of the water vapor is 1.491 kPa, then the dew point
temperature of that mixture is 12.95oC.
Steam
375
325
275
T [C]
225
175
1.491 kPa
125
75
TDP
25
-25
0
10
12
s [kJ/kg-K]
Definition-Relative Humidity, :
mass of vapor in air
mv
mass of in saturated air mg

Pv
Pg
Pg Pv , 1 or 100%
Steam
125
Pg Pv , 1 or 100%
T [C]
75
Tm
o Vapor State
Pg = 3.169 kPa
25
Tdp
Pv = 1.491 kPa
-25
0
s [kJ/kg-K]
10
12
Definition-Absolute Humidity or
Specific Humidity(sometimes
called humidity ratio), :
mass of water vapor in air mv
mass of dry air

ma
PVM
Pv M v
v
v / ( Ru T )
PVM
Pa M a
a
a / ( Ru T )
Pv
Pv
0.622 0.622
Pa
P Pv
Definition-Using the specific

humidity, the relative humidity
may be expressed as
0.622Pg
P
and
(0.622 ) Pg
P Pg
Definition-Volume of Mixture
per Mass of Dry Air, v:
V
mm RmTm / Pm
v
ma
ma
V
v
va
ma
Definition-Mass of Mixture :
mv
m ma mv ma (1 ) ma (1 )
ma
Definition-Mass
Flow Rate of
m a
Dry Air, :
V
m a
v
m /s
kga
3
m / kga
s
Definition-Enthalpy of Mixture
Per Mass Dry Air, h
Hm Ha Hv ma ha mv hv
h
ma
ma
ma
ha hv
Example 1
Atmospheric air at 30oC, 100 kPa has a

dew point of 21.3 oC. Find the relative
humidity, humidity ratio, and h of the
mixture per mass of dry air.
TDP = 21.3 oC, Pv = 2.548 kPa.
At T = 30 oC, Pg = 4.246 kPa.
Example 1
Pv 2.548 kPa
0.6 or 60%
Pg 4.246 kPa
2.548 kPa
kgv
0.622
0.01626
(100 2.548) kPa
kgv
Example 1
h ha hv
C p , a T (2013
. 182
. T)
kJ
kgv
kJ
o
o
1005
.
(30 C ) 0.01626
(25013
. 182
. (30 C ))
o
kga C
kga
kgv
kJ
7171
.
kga
Example 2
If the atmospheric air in the last

example is conditioned to 20oC,
40% relative humidity, what mass of
water is added or removed per unit
mass of dry air?
At 20oC, Pg = 2.339 kPa.
Example 2
Pv Pg 0.4(2.339 kPa ) 0.936 kPa
Pv
0.936 kPa
w 0.622
0.622
P Pv
(100 0.936) kPa
kgv
0.00588
kga
Example 2
mv , 2 mv ,1
ma
mv , 2 mv ,1
ma
2 1
kgv
(0.00588 0.01626)
kga
kgv
0.01038
kga
Example 3
Atmospheric air is at 25oC, 0.1 MPa, 50%

relative humidity. If the mixture is cooled
at constant pressure to 10oC, find the
amount of water removed per mass of dry
air.
Example 3
At 25oC, Psat = 3.169 kPa, and with 1 = 50%
Pv ,1 1 Pg ,1 0.5(3169
.
kPa ) 15845
.
kPa
Tdp ,1 Tsat @ Pv 138

. C
o
Pv ,1
15845
.
kPa
w1 0.622
0.622
P Pv ,1
(100 15845
.
) kPa
kgv
0.01001
kga
Example 3
Therefore, when the mixture get cooled to 10oC ,
the mixture is saturated, and 1 = 100%.
Pv,2 = Pg,2 = 1.228 kPa
w2 0.622
Pv , 2
P Pv , 2
1228
.
kPa
0.622
(100 1228
. ) kPa
kgv
0.00773
kga
Example 3
The change in mass of water per mass of dry air is
mv , 2 mv ,1
ma
2 1
kgv
(0.00773 0.01001)
kga
kgv
0.00228
kga
Or, as the mixture changes from state 1 to state 2,

0.00228 kg of water vapor is condensed for each kg
of dry air.
The Cp of Air
(fig. 13-1)
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

Heat and Temperature Behavior in

Superheated Vapor Region of Water
At temperatures below 50C, the h= constant lines coincide with the T=
constant lines in the superheated region of water
(Fig. 13-2)
Determining the hg of Water

(Fig. 13-3)
kJ
hv hg T 250.13 1.82T
kgv
o
T C
For Saturated Air, Vapor Pressure is

Equal to the Saturated Pressure of Water
(Fig. 13-4)
Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Cooling fluid
In
Out
Insulated Flow Duct
Atmospheric Air
T2=20oC
T1=30oC
P1=100kPa
=80%
Condensate at 20oC
P2=98kPa
2=95%
=200m3/s

Before we apply the steady-flow conservation of
mass and energy, we need to decide if any water
is condensed in the process. Is the mixture
cooled below the dew point for state 1?
Pv ,1 1 Pg ,1 0.8(4.246 kPa ) 3.396 kPa

Tdp ,1 Tsat @ Pv 26.01 C
o

So for T2 = 20oC < Tdp, 1, some water-vapor will
condense. Let's assume that the condensed
water leaves the air conditioner at 20oC. Some say
the water leaves at the average of 26 and 20oC,
20oC is adequate for our use here.
Apply the conservation of energy to the steadyflow control volume
2
2
V
V
Qnet m i (h
gz ) i Wnet m e (h
gz ) e
2
2
inlets
exits

Neglecting the kinetic and potential energies and
noting that the heat transfer and work are zero,
we get
Q net m a1ha1 m v1hv1 m a 2 ha 2 m v 2 hv 2 m l 2 hl 2

Conservation of mass for the steady-flow control
volume is
m m
i
inlets
exits

For the dry air:
m a1 m a 2 m a
For the water vapor:
m v1 m v 2 m l 2
Thus
m l 2 m v1 m v 2
m a ( 1 2 )

Divide the conservation of energy equation by ,
then
m a
Q net
ha1 1hv1 ha 2 2 hv 2 ( 1 2 )hl 2
m a
Q net
ha 2 ha1 2 hv 2 1hv1 ( 1 2 )hl 2
m a
Q net
C pa (T2 T1 ) 2 hv 2 1hv1 ( 1 2 )hl 2
m a

Now to find the 's and h's.
0.622 Pv1 0.622(3.396)

1
P1 Pv1
100 3.396
kgv
0.02187
kga

Now to find the 's and h's.
Pv 2 2 P2
(0.95)(2.339 kPa ) 2.222 kPa
0.622 Pv 2 0.622(2.222)
2
P2 Pv 2
98 2.222
kgv
0.01443
kga

Using the steam tables the h's for the water are:
kJ
hv1 2556.3
kgv
kJ
hv 2 25381
.
kgv
kJ
hl 2 83.96
kgv

The required heat transfer per unit mass of dry air
becomes
Q net
C pa (T2 T1 ) 2 hv 2 1hv1 ( 1 2 )hl 2
m a
kJ
kgv
kJ
o
1005
.
(20 30) C 0.01443
(25381
.
)
o
kga C
kga
kgv
kgv
kJ
kgv
kJ
0.02187
(2556.3
) (0.2187 0.01443)
(83.96
)
kga
kgv
kga
kgv
kJ
8.622
kga

The heat transfer from the atmospheric air is
qout
Q net
kJ
8.622
m a
kga
The mass flow rate of dry air is given by
V1
m a
v1

kJ
0.287
(30 273) K 3
Ra T1
m kPa
kga K
v1
Pa1
(100 3.396) kPa
kJ
3
m
0.886
kga
Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures 3
m
200
kga
min
m a
2251
.
3
m
min
0.886
kga
Q out
kga
kJ 1 min 1kWs
m a qout 2251
.
(8.622
)
min
kga 60s kJ
32.35 kW 9.196 Tons
The Adiabatic Saturation Process

Air having a relative humidity less than 100%
flows over water contained in a well-insulated
duct. Since the air has < 100%, some of the
water will evaporate and the temperature of the
air-vapor mixture will decrease.
If the mixture leaving the duct is saturated and if
the process is adiabatic, the temperature of the
mixture on leaving the device is known as the
adiabatic saturation temperature.

For this to be a steady-flow process, make-up
water at the adiabatic saturation temperature is
added at the same rate at which water is
evaporated.
We assume that the total pressure is constant
during the process.
Adiabatic Saturation Process and its

Representation on a T-s Diagram
(Fig.
13-11)
Liquid
water

Apply the conservation of energy to the
steady-flow, control volume
2
2
V
V
Qnet m i (h
gz ) i Wnet m e (h
gz ) e
2
2
inlets
exits
Neglecting the kinetic and potential energies and noting that
the heat transfer and work are zero, we get
m a1ha1 m v1hv1 m l 2 hl 2 m a 2 ha 2 m v 2 hv 2

Conservation of mass for the steadyflow control volume is
m m
i
inlets
For the dry air:
exits
For the water vapor:
m a1 m a 2 m a
m v1 m l 2 m v 2
m l 2 m v 2 m v1
m a ( 2 1 )

Divide the conservation of energy
equation by , m
a then
ha1 1hv1 ( 2 1 )hl 2 ha 2 2 hv 2

Solving for 1
ha 2 ha1 2 (hv 2 hl 2 )
1
2 (hv1 hl 2 )
C pa (T2 T1 ) 2 h fg 2
2 (hg1 h f 2 )

Since 1 is also defined by
Pv1
1 0.622
P1 Pv1
We can solve for Pv1.
1 P1
Pv1
0.622 1
Then the relative humidity at state 1 is
Pv1
1
Pg1
Air Conditioning Processes

Summary
Most air-conditioning processes can be modeled as steady-flow processes, and therefore they can be analyzed by applying the steady-flow mass (for both dry air and water) and energy balances,
Dry air mass:
Water mass:
Energy:
where subscripts i and e denote inlet and exit states, respectively. The changes in kinetic and potential energies are assumed to be negligible.
Example- The Adiabatic Saturation Process

The adiabatic saturation process shown below,
determine the relative humidity, humidity ratio
(specific humidity), and enthalpy of the
atmospheric air per mass of dry air at state 1.
Insulated Flow
Duct
Atmospheric Air
T2=20oC
T1=24 C
o
P1=100kPa
1= ?
1 = ?
h1 = ?
Make-up
Water
At 16oC
P2=100kPa
2=100%
R
||P P 1818
. kPa
100% U
|
0.622 P
0.622(1818
. )

V
S
.
T 16 C W
|| P P 100 1818
kg
|T 0.0115 kg
v2
g2
v2
v2

Using the steam tables:
kJ
h f 2 76.2
kgv
kJ
hv1 2545.4
kgv
kJ
h fg 2 2463.6
kgv

From the above analysis
C pa (T2 T1 ) 2 h fg 2
2 (hg1 h f 2 )
b g
kJ
kgv
kJ
o
1005
.
16 24 C 0.0115
(2463.4
)
o
kga
kgv
kga C
kJ
(2545.4 67.2)
kgv
kgv
0.00820
kga

We can solve for Pv1.
1 P1
Pv1
0.622 1
0.00820(100kPa )
0.622 0.00820
13
. kPa

Then the relative humidity at state 1 is
Pv1
Pv1
1
Pg1 Psat @ 24 o C
13
. kPa
0.436 or 43.6%
2.985 kPa

The enthalpy of the mixture at state 1 is
h1 ha1 1hv1
C pa T1 1hv1
kJ
kgv
kJ
o
1005
.
(24 C ) 0.00820
2545.4
o
kga C
kga
kgv
kJ
44.99
kga
Sling Psychrometer-Wet Bulb

and Dry Bulb
A more practical approach to determining the properties of air in air-conditioning
applications is to use a thermometer whose bulb is covered with a cotton wick saturated
with water and to blow air over the wick. The temperature measured in this manner is called
the wet-bulb temperature Twb, and it is used in place of the adiabatic saturation temperature.
Psychrometric Chart
The properties of atmospheric air at a specified total pressure are presented in
the form of easily readable charts, called psychrometric charts. The lines of
constant enthalpy and the lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are very
nearly parallel on these charts.
Schematic for Psychrometric

Chart
(Fig. 13-14)
Dry-Bulb, Wet-Bulb, and Dew-Point

Temperatures Identical for Saturated Air
Quality is related to the horizontal differences of P-V and T-v diagrams
(Fig. 13-15)
Various Air-Conditioning Processes

(Fig. 13-20)
Various Air-Conditioning
Processes
The needs of the human body and the conditions of the environment are not quite compatible. Therefore, it often
becomes necessary to change the conditions of a living space to make it more comfortable. Maintaining a living space
or an industrial facility at the desired temperature and humidity may require simple heating (raising the temperature),
simple cooling (lowering the temperature), humidifying (adding moisture), or dehumidifying (removing moisture).
Sometimes two or more of these processes are needed to bring the air to the desired temperature and humidity level.
During a simple heating or cooling process

(T2 >Tdp,1), the specific humidity remains constant, but the
temperature and the relative humidity change.
Sometimes air is humidified after it is heated, and

some cooling processes include dehumidification
(T2 <Tdp,1). In dry climates, the air can be cooled via
evaporative cooling by passing it through a
section where it is sprayed with water.
In locations with limited water supply, large
amounts of waste heat can be rejected to the
atmosphere with minimum water loss through the
use of cooling towers.
Example 4:
Determine the relative humidity, humidity ratio
(specific humidity), enthalpy of the atmospheric
air per mass of dry air, and the specific volume
of the mixture per mass of dry air at a state
where the dry-bulb temperature is 24oC, the wetbulb temperature is 16oC, and atmospheric
pressure is 100 kPa.
Example 4:
From the psychrometric chart read
44%
gv
kgv
8.0
0.008
kga
kga
kJ
h 46
kga
m3
v 0.853
kga
Example 5:
For the air-conditioning system shown below in
which atmospheric air is first heated and then
humified with a steam spray, determine the
required heat transfer rate in the heating
section, and the required steam temperature in
the humidification section when the steam
pressure is 1 MPa.
Example 5:
Heating fluid
Out
In
s
Steam, P = 1 MPa
Throttle
Atmospheric
Air
T3=25oC
T1=5 C
o
P1=100kPa
1=90%
T2=24 C
o
P3=100kPa
3=45%
=60m3/min
Example 5:
Psychrometric Diagram
0.050
0.045
The psychrometric diagram is
Pressure = 101.3 [kPa]
0.040
0.035
0.8
0.030
30 C
0.025
0.6
0.020
h3 =48 kJ/kga
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
-10
20 C
h2 =37 kJ/kga
h1 =17 kJ/kga1
10 C
3 =0.0091kgv/kga
0.2
0C
-5
0.4
1 = 2 =0.0049 kgv/kga
2
0
10
v1 =0.793 m^3/kga
15
20
25
30
35
40
T [C]
Example 5:
Apply conservation of mass and conservation of
energy for steady-flow to process 1-2.
Conservation of mass for the steady-flow
control volume is
m m
i
inlets
exits
For the dry air:
m a1 m a 2 m a
Example 5:
For the water vapor (Note: no water is added or
condensed during simple heating):
Thus
m v1 m v 2
2 1
Neglecting the kinetic and potential energies and noting

that the work is zero, and let the enthalpy of the mixture per
unit mass of air, h, be defined as
h ha hv
Example 5:
We obtained
E in E out
Q in m a h1 m a h2
Q in m a (h2 h1 )
Example 5:
Now to find
chart.
m a
the and h's using the psychrometric
At T1 = 5oC, 1 = 90% and T2 = 24oC:
R
kJ
|| h 17 kg
| 0.0049 kg
90% U
V
S
kg
T 5 C W
||
m
||Tv 0.793 kg
1
Example 5:
Now to find
chart.
m a
the and h's using the psychrometric
At T1 = 5oC, 1 = 90% and T2 = 24oC:
kgv
2 1 0.0049
kga
T2 24 C
o
U
kJ
|VR
h 37
S
kg
T
|W
2
Example 5:
The mass flow rate of dry air is given by
V1
m a
v1
3
m
60
kga 1 min
kga
min
m a
75.66
1261
.
3
m
min 60s
s
0.793
kga
Example 5:
The required heat transfer rate for the heating section is
kga
kJ 1kWs
Qin 1261
.
(37 17)
s
kga kJ
25.22 kW
This is the required heat transfer to the atmospheric
air.
Example 5:
At the exit, state 3, T3 = 25oC and 3 = 45%. The
psychrometric chart gives
R
kJ
|| h 48 kg
| 0.0089 kg
45% U
V
S
kg
T 25 C W
||
m
|| v 0.858 kg
T
3
Example 5:
Apply conservation of mass and conservation of energy
to process 2-3. Conservation of mass for the steadyflow control volume is
m m
i
inlets
exits
For the dry air:
m a 2 m a 3 m a
Example 5:
For the water vapor (Note: water is added during the
humidification process):
m v1 m s m v 2
m s m v 2 m v1
m s m a ( 2 1 )
kga
kgv
1261
.
(0.0089 0.0049)
s
kga
kgv
0.00504
s
Example 5:
Neglecting the kinetic and potential energies and noting
that the heat transfer and work are zero, the
conservation of energy yields
E in E out
m a h2 m s hs m a h2
m s hs m a (h2 h1 )
Example 5:
Solving for the enthalpy of the steam
m a ( 3 2 )hs m a (h2 h1 )
h2 h1
hs
3 2
Example 5:
hs
kJ
( 48 37)
kgv
kgv
( 0.0089 0.0049)
kga
kJ
2750
kgv
At Ps = 1 MPa and hs = 2750 kJ/kgv, Ts = 180oC and the

quality, xs = 0.9861.
Evaporative Cooling
At a given P and T, a pure substance will exist
as a compressed liquid if T<T sat @ P
(Fig. 13-27)
Mixing Airstreams Adiabatically

When two airstreams at states 1 and 2 are mixed adiabatically, the state
of the mixture lies on the straight line connecting the two states
(Fig. 13-29)
Cooling Tower
(Fig. 13-31)
A Natural-Draft Cooling Tower

(fig. 13-32)
A Spray Pond

Lecture 2 - Pychrometry

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Definition Dew Point

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Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

When an atmospheric air-vapor mixture is cooled

mass of in saturated air mg

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

mass of dry air

Definition-Using the specific

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Atmospheric air at 30oC, 100 kPa has a

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

If the atmospheric air in the last

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Atmospheric air is at 25oC, 0.1 MPa, 50%

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Tdp ,1 Tsat @ Pv 138

Or, as the mixture changes from state 1 to state 2,

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The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

Heat and Temperature Behavior in

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Determining the hg of Water

For Saturated Air, Vapor Pressure is

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Insulated Flow Duct

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Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Pv ,1 1 Pg ,1 0.8(4.246 kPa ) 3.396 kPa

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Q net m a1ha1 m v1hv1 m a 2 ha 2 m v 2 hv 2 m l 2 hl 2

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

For the water vapor:

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

0.622 Pv1 0.622(3.396)

Prof Dr. Kamaruzzaman

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

The mass flow rate of dry air is given by

Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures

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Steady-Flow Analysis Applied to GasVapor Mixtures 3

The Adiabatic Saturation Process

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The Adiabatic Saturation Process

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Adiabatic Saturation Process and its