MATERIALS SELECTION

Presented by-

Alok Kumar (153651)

Anoop Nath (153652)

Bairy Srinivas (153653)

INTRODUCTION
The designer of any product, other than designing the
product must be involved with material selection.
Selection of materials for manufacturing the design.

1000 Engineering materials

Material selection process is
accomplished by comparing
material properties with the
functional requirements of
the product.

MATERIAL SELECTION- WHY ?

Material cost comprise 60 % (or more) of the total
cost of the product.
Major impact of Material selection

Quality.
Cost (of final product and manufacturing).
Recycling.
Life cycle cost.
Physical Properties.
Mechanical Properties.
Dimension and Tolerances.

RELATION OF MATERIAL SELECTION TO

DESIGN

Fig.1 Interrelations of design, materials and processing to

produce a product

Fig.2 Schematic of the design process.

GENERAL CRITERIA FOR

SELECTION

Performance characteristics ( properties ).

Selection on the basis of impact of the properties of material
on the performance of the product and the design constraints.

Processing (manufacturing) characteristics.

Selection, such that required shape and size is formed with

minimum defect and cost

Environmental Profile.

Impact of environment on product and vice-versa.

Business Considerations
Minimum life cycle cost

OVERVIEW OF MATERIAL SELECTION PROCESS

Analysis of the materials requirements.

Screening of candidate materials.

Analysis of candidate materials in terms of product

performance, cost ,manufacturability etc.
Development of design data for critical systems or
components

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF
MATERIAL

Fig.3 Material Properties- link between structure and performance

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Material classification hierarchy.

MATERIAL KINGDOM

FAMILY

CLASS

SUB-CLASS
MEMBER

Fig4. Commonly used engineering

materials

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Structure sensitive materials.

Materials which apart from depending upon atomic binding
energy and arrangement of atoms in solid also strongly
depend upon number, size and distribution of
imperfections (dislocations, line defect, grain
boundaries, inclusions etc) in solid.

Structure insensitive materials.

Materials which dont depend upon structure i.e. imperfections

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Ultimate tensile strength.
Modulus of elasticity.
Ductility.
Fracture Toughness.
Damping Capacity.
Creep.
Hardness.
Impact resistance.
Wear Resistance

Fig.5 A typical stress strain curve for a

ductile material

Fig.6 Comparison of hardness of metals, polymers and

elastomers using different tests and scales

ASHBY CHARTS
Charts which were created to compare a large number of
materials during conceptual design stage.
Ashby plot is a scatter plot which displays two or more
properties of a materials
They are adequate for the broad comparisons required
for conceptual design, and, often, for the
rough calculations of embodiment design.
THEY ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR
DETAILED DESIGN CALCULATIONS

MATERIALS CLASSES AND CLASS MEMBERS

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

CHART-1 YOUNGS MODULUS (E) AND DENSITY ( )

This chart guides selection of materials for light, stiff,

components.

GUIDELINES

The loci of points will be selected on the basis of

requirements
E/ = C (minimum weight design of stiff ties;
minimum deflection in centrifugal loading)
E^(1/2)/ = C (minimum weight design of stiff
beams, shafts and columns)
E^ (1/3)/ = C (minimum weight design of stiff
plates)

OTHER CHARTS AND THEIR USES

Chart-2 Strength ( f) vrs Density( )

Used for designing light strong structures.

Chart-3- Youngs modulus (E) vrs Strength ( f)

Used for elastic design.

Chart-4-Fracture toughness (Kic) vrs Strength(f)

Used for safe design against fracture

Chart-5- Loss coefficient() vrs Young's modulus,(E)

The chart gives guidance in selecting material for low
damping (springs, vibrating reeds, etc) and for high
damping (vibration-mitigating systems)
There are 20 charts which are used for preliminary
selection of materials on the basis of requirements.

HOW CAN YOU SELECT MATERIAL FOR YOUR

PROJECT?

Objective: Develop a rational method to select the

best material for an application based upon known
material parameters and the requirements of the
application
Use a 5-step method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Select a quantity, Q, to minimize or maximize

Classify the variables
Determine the relationship between the geometry
variable, the requirements, and material properties
Determine Q as a function of requirements and material
properties
Rank candidate materials based upon function f 2

*2.- Based on N.E. Dowling, Mechanical Behavior of

Materials, section 3.8

SAMPLE PROBLEM

We must bridge a gap of L = 8 feet

The bridge must have a width of b = 4
inch
A load P = 300 lb can be applied at any
point
There must be a safety factor X = 1.5 for
strength
The deflection, v, must not exceed 1 inch
Weight (mass) and cost have equal
importance

P
L

Objective: Select the best candidate material from

AISI 1020 steel
AISI 4340 steel
7075-T6 aluminum
Ti-6Al-4V (titanium alloy)
Polycarbonate
Loblolly pine
GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer)
CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer)

STEP 1: SELECT A QUANTITY, Q, TO

MINIMIZE
Here, mass and cost have equal importance
Mass, m
Cost, C
Select Q to be the sum of the normalized mass and
cost
Q = m/min(m) + C/min(C)
norm. mass= m/min(m)
norm. cost= C/min(C)

STEP 2: CLASSIFY THE VARIABLES

Requirements: L = 8 feet, b = 4 inch, P = 300

lb, X = 1.5, v = 1 inch
Geometry: Restrict analysis to a rectangular
cross-section, h = height
Material Properties (need step 3 & 4 results
here): = mass density, E = Youngs modulus,
S = strength, Cm = cost index.

STEP 3: DETERMINE THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
GEOMETRY VARIABLE, THE
REQUIREMENTS, AND MATERIAL
PROPERTIES

We have a simply supported beam with a

rectangular cross-section
The worst case occurs when the concentrated
load, P, is applied at the center.

P
L

Design on the basis of :

1. Strength Elastic flexural formula shows the maximum stress
occurs at the extreme fibers of the beam at midspan.

2. Deflection From integration, is found to be maximum

at midspan

STEP 4: DETERMINE Q AS A FUNCTION OF

REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIAL
PROPERTIES STRENGTH BASIS
Try using strength as the basis for material selection
and then check deflection

f2-for mass
f2-for cost

STEP 5: RANK MATERIALS BASED

UPON FUNCTION F2 STRENGTH BASIS
Use spreadsheet to
determine rankings

STEP 4: DETERMINE Q AS A FUNCTION OF

REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIAL
PROPERTIES DEFLECTION BASIS

Try using deflection as the basis for material selection

and then check strength
f2-for mass
f2-for cost

STEP 5B: RANK MATERIALS BASED UPON

FUNCTION F2 DEFLECTION BASIS
Use spreadsheet to
determine rankings

SAMPLE PROBLEM RESULTS

Material selection based only on strength results

in the deflection criterion being violated.
Material selection based only on deflection
results in the strength criterion being satisfied.
We can say that deflection governs this
design.
Pine is best, 1020 steel is second best, CFRP is
worst.

REFERENCENCES
1.

Engineering Design-George E. Dieter and Linda C Schmidt.

2.

N.E. Dowling, Mechanical Behavior of Materials.

3.

http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/DT.html